We develop a child from the cradle. Early development is the education of the intellect from the cradle. pitfalls of early success

The rhythm of our life is steadily accelerating, and we must hurry - this is what many modern mothers think. And in order for their baby to have time to achieve something in life, they begin his training almost from the cradle. The funny thing is that early development is not only a sign of our time. Even at the end of the 19th century, teachers noticed that the younger the child, the faster he acquires knowledge. Therefore, many methods of early development originated at the dawn of the last century and are still successfully used by specialists. To make it easier for parents to choose from them the developmental program that they consider the most suitable for their children, we will talk about the most common ones.

Montessori pedagogy
Doctor of Medicine Maria Montessori was considered almost a prophet and was called the main reformer of pedagogy of the twentieth century. Her methodology was born from many years of observation of children. different ages what needs they have and how exactly they fulfill their desires. The Montessori pedagogical system consists of three parts: the child, the environment, and the teacher. According to this technique, a special environment is created around the child in which he acts independently. The little man exercises the body, mind and soul, acquires a personal life experience, learns to compare and order various phenomena and objects. The role of the teacher in this case is reduced to observation and assistance only in those moments when the child himself requires it. The motto of Montessori pedagogy is the words: "Help me do it myself."
Montessori has developed a series of games in which the baby can control his own actions, notice and correct his mistakes. This develops self-confidence in him. During group activities, the baby can choose not only the type of activity, but also decide whether to interact with other children or play alone.

Doman program
The American doctor, founder of the Philadelphia Institute for Accelerated Child Development Glen Doman has a lot of followers, but also a considerable number of opponents. Nevertheless, the methodology he created can give good results, especially if those who conduct the classes manage to properly adapt it to life conditions and combine it with other pedagogical systems.
Doman argues that the most important way of knowing the world is visual perception. According to his teachings, literally from the first days of life, children need to periodically show a series of cards in different areas of knowledge. Images - both words or applied dots, as well as images of plants, animals, great people, historical events. This proactive approach to learning stimulates more fast development all parts of the brain, and the sooner you start using it, the more outstanding results will be achieved. But there are also disadvantages: the technique is laborious, it is difficult to complete it in full. If you follow absolutely all the doctor's recommendations, then the children will not have time for either outdoor activities or games (by the way, Doman is an opponent of any toys). The main difference from Montessori pedagogy is that the child is not an active participant and the main character in the learning process, he is his object, which passively absorbs information without participating in the knowledge of the world in any other way. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the matter creatively and be sure to “dilute” the card system with educational games and physical exercises.

Waldorf education
An alternative pedagogical system was founded by an associate of Helena Blavatsky, anthroposophist Rudolf Steiner back in 1919. Now Waldorf education is one of the largest independent educational systems in the world. The main principle is "not outstripping" the development of the child and providing him with all the opportunities for development at his own pace, which implies individual approach to every little one. Preference is given natural materials and toys and aids that seem unfinished and are therefore thought to stimulate children's imagination. The educational material is presented in blocks and in three ways: spiritual (active thinking), spiritual (music and eurythmic dance) and creative and practical (sculpting, drawing, sewing, and so on). Everything can be learned this way, from history and ethics to mathematics and reading. However, serious subjects are included in the educational process only after the onset of puberty (that is, about 12 years old) - until this time, it is believed that one should appeal not to the baby’s intelligence and abstract thinking, but to feelings. And this is the main disadvantage of the methodology: the science that requires logic, technology, analysis and experiment, the Waldorfs do not like and consider unsuitable.

Nikitin's technique
The most complete and effective system of educational games was developed in Russia by innovative teachers, parents of many children, Boris and Lena Nikitin. This technique is aimed at the development of physical and creativity children. Nikitins discovered and described such a phenomenon as "NUVERS" - "Irreversible Decay of Opportunities for Effective Development of Abilities" - and created a whole range of educational games that can be used from the very beginning. early age and which allow the baby to develop the abilities inherent in him by nature. All the games proposed by the Nikitins are quite plastic "material" that can be supplemented, expanded and improved in every possible way in accordance with the needs of the child.
There is only one basic rule - mandatory participation in the classes of parents, since only by observing the elders do the younger ones gradually acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities in a volume suitable for their age. However, this system also has shortcomings, and very significant ones, since it does not pay any attention to teaching reading, counting, writing and other necessary subjects.

Zaitsev system
The system of the St. Petersburg teacher Nikolai Zaitsev is based on the natural need of every child to play. Zaitsev has developed numerous manuals for babies, the most famous of which are the famous "Zaitsev's cubes". All the syllables of the Russian language are applied to the cubes, different in size, color, sound. This allows a child of 3.5-4 years old to learn to read literally from the very first lessons, and for children a little older than a year old - to start talking and reading at the same time. If we slightly change the author's approach to learning and make it even more playful, kids will learn to read really effortlessly. "Zaitsev's Mathematics" is not suitable for very young children due to the need to use tables, but it can be practiced from 3-4 years old. By the way, many of the principles of such mathematics “work” perfectly when practicing with various games and toys.

Just as it is impossible to grasp the immensity, it is impossible to take into account all the nuances of training in one method. The task of parents is not to limit themselves to one thing, to learn as much as possible about the different systems of early development and choose from them those that are more suitable for the temperament, temperament, and speed of learning of their child. Only such an integrated approach will give truly amazing results.

The mother plays the main role in the life of the baby. Communication with her is the true source of his development. No less important in the knowledge of the world around the child, in learning and development are other close adults - dad, grandparents, aunts, etc.

Attention!

Since both mom and dad bring something different to communication with the baby, it is important that both of them participate in his upbringing.

It is the parents who take care of the baby, communicate with him, introduce him to the world of people and objects, i.e. make his life pleasant and interesting. Communication of the child with loved ones has an impact on the formation of his emotional relationships with people around. Relatives and family friends should try to create and maintain a positive emotional state of the baby during contact with adults. Surround him with love, warmth, calmness and goodwill, organize a daily routine appropriate for the age and state of health of the baby, a consistent change of routine moments, alternating sleep, nutrition and wakefulness for the purpose of harmonious psychophysical development. Create developing conditions for the active wakefulness of the baby, alternate activities during classes, which will increase the effectiveness of learning.

Young children learn very well due to the intensive development of the brain, the high plasticity of the nervous system, due to which there is a rapid formation of orienting-exploratory reactions, and the constant exposure to various environmental stimuli contributes to the formation of an active cognitive interest in everything new, especially in the actions and speech of an adult.

It is very important to create conditions for the child to master various exploratory actions, with the help of which he can cognize the objects around him, using various sense organs - sight, hearing, touch.

Remember that it is necessary to help the child learn new things by doing joint actions, to teach him by the hand-to-hand method, to constantly consolidate achievements, to repeat the past. Repeat and consolidate should be both during the day and in the following days and weeks. This may not always be enough time and patience, but if you find the strength for this, the result will not keep you waiting and the baby will soon delight you with his successes. Remember that retraining a child is always more difficult than teaching right away. Some new skills may not appear immediately, but after some time. The same applies to the reactions of the child during interaction with loved ones.

Toddlers are easily distracted and find it difficult to focus for long periods of time. Therefore, during classes, only a few bright toys should be in his field of vision. External stimuli should be excluded.

An adult can easily alternate and organize a variety of games, come up with exercises for a child. It is important to monitor the reactions of the baby, in case of a change in mood and the appearance of signs of fatigue, stop the lesson. The surrounding space should be devoid of dangerous and forbidden things. It is much easier to remove sharp or fragile things further and higher than to constantly prohibit and pull the child. Numerous prohibitions and criticism have a negative impact on the development of relationships between the baby and parents.

It is important for a baby to feel a sense of security and comfort, acceptance, love and care of loved ones, to receive their approval and support.

Attention!

At infants the psyche is not fully formed, which entails its rapid overload, so you should be attentive to the child's signals: classes should be stopped on time, avoiding overwork. A tired child does not perceive information coming from the external environment.

Help your child learn the world, chat, play various educational games with him. Games and activities with the baby are aimed at acquainting him with the possibilities and properties of objects. The number and duration of specially organized classes in the first months of life should be small (a few minutes several times a day). In the classroom, you can show and help him learn new actions with toys, because without you he is not able to carry them out on his own. Conduct classes in a familiar environment for the child in a playful, entertaining way. A prerequisite is good health and the absence of unmet physiological needs of the baby (for food, dryness and cleanliness, rest).

Very important in the development and education of the child is right choice toys and educational aids. Toys should be colorful, bright, attractive, made of various materials(plastic, rubber, fabric) and different textures. The selection criteria are both the age of the baby and the tasks that will be solved with their help. Toys must be of the appropriate size (fit in the hand) and weight; the sound of the toy should be pleasant, not sharp; color - natural, the toy should be voluminous, have a different sound character.

Attention!

Basic requirements for the selection of toys:

appearance

bright colors

And of course, the most important criterion is the safety of the toys themselves and the materials from which they are made, the absence of sharp and small parts in them.

It is advisable to divide the toys into those that a child can play at any time, and those that an adult takes out only during targeted activities. Periodically remove certain toys so that the child forgets and misses them, after a while he will enjoy them as if they were new.

With prolonged presentation of the same toy, the orienting reaction of the child in the first months of life quickly fades away, which means that this stimulus ceases to contribute to the mental development of the baby.

You should not give your baby toys during feeding and when planting on the potty, otherwise his formation of social habits and skills will be delayed.

When conducting educational games, classes, use toys that the child has never played or rarely sees - this will increase his cognitive interest.

To develop independent actions with objects, toys should be placed in various places and positions, gradually adding new ones to familiar toys.

For the mental and motor development of infants, it is necessary to select toys that will help him master new skills.

Toys for babies up to 6 months:

different materials

Toys for children 6 - 9 months:

different color

Toys for children 9 - 12 months:

geometric shapes

Remember!

Rule 1. We often alternate toys for classes with the baby.

Rule 2 Toys and exercises should be age appropriate.

Rule 3 It is undesirable to give toys during feeding, when planting on a potty, when going to bed.

Rule 4 Place toys in different places, adding new ones to familiar toys.

Rule 5 When buying a toy, consider whether it will contribute to the development of the baby.

Communication with an adult

Emotional communication of a child with adults is one of the main conditions for his mental development. To stimulate the need for communication, the first emotional and communicative reactions, you need to:

In order to establish and prolong emotional and gesture-mimic contact with the baby, you can use toys and games.

A positive attitude towards a toy in a child is formed gradually. First, they draw the attention of the child to the face of an adult, cause a reciprocal smile, after which they transfer the baby's gaze to the toy.

After 6 months, the emotional and personal interaction of an adult and a child in games deserves special attention. For example, the games “I gore - I gore”, “Kuku”, “Forty-white-sided”.

As the baby grows up, try to form the emotional contacts of the child with close adults (dad, grandmother, grandfather), with other children, as well as the ability to differentiate between “close” and “strangers”.

By the end of the year, teach your baby by your own example - when you meet, say hello (hold out your hand to friends), when you say goodbye - wave your hand (“bye”, “goodbye”), express a request (“give”), appeal (“on”).

During communication, the child begins to form a concept of himself (his "I"). To do this, teach the child in response to the question: “Where is our girl Masha?” point to oneself, first acting with her hand, and then inviting the child to act independently. Do not forget to say affectionately: “Here is our Masha!”

Stimulation of cognitive activity

For the formation of a full-fledged perception of objects, their external properties (shape, size, color, position in space), it is necessary to stimulate the cognitive activity of the child, aimed at the development of visual, auditory, tactile and kinetic reactions. This contributes to the development of orienting research reactions in the child and further improvement of orientation to the properties and qualities of objects.

Development of visual perception

The development of visual perception must begin with the formation of visual concentration and tracking the movement of an object. To do this, already in the first month of a baby’s life, stimulate the development of visual fixation on the face of an adult, and then on big toy bright color.

Then train the coordinated movements of the head and eyes that occur when the eyes smoothly follow the toy. As the toy advances, passively turn the child's head in the direction the toy is moving. If the child's interest in the toy is weakened, use sound (rattle, musical toy).

Further development of visual perception involves the formation of:

Development of auditory perception

The development of auditory perception must begin with the formation of auditory concentration on the voice of an adult, the sounds of the environment and toys. To do this, already in the first month of life, when the baby is in an emotionally negative state - during a period of mild crying or general movements, lean towards the child, gently talk to him, shaking the rattle. Try to get the attention of the child and calm him down. You can use sound various toys(rattles, bells, bells, squeaky toys), gradually increasing or decreasing the sound intensity.

To form the ability to localize sound in space, also use sounding toys (loud - quiet, high - low).

Introduce your baby to the sound of various musical instruments (hurdy-gurdy, metallophone, tambourine, drum, flute, piano, etc.), and also give him the opportunity to listen to short episodes of classical music.

Try to talk to your baby as much as possible!

motor development

The baby needs movement, so close adults seek to satisfy the child's need for physical activity. Its deficiency can affect the behavior and well-being of the baby, affect his sleep and appetite. It is in your power to create conditions in which this need will be satisfied as much as possible: comfortable Casual clothes, the right shoes, ample space with toys and objects accessible.

The motor abilities of the child are improved in the process of repeated repetition of the same movements. At the moment of performing a motor act, the child learns to control the work of the muscles, as a result of which the coordination of movements is improved. For the development of a certain type of movements, a number of conditions are required: the participation of the mother or other close adults in motor exercises, the presence of free safe space.

For the consistent development of a child’s age-related motor skills, it is necessary to take into account the stages of the formation of general motor skills in the first year of a baby’s life:

In some cases, a complex may be useful for your child. therapeutic massage and physical education (exercise therapy) conducted by a specialist.

Performing hygiene procedures, taking air baths, give the child the opportunity to enjoy the movement of arms and legs. The surface on which the baby is located can be of various textures: hard and soft, smooth and rough. Keep him moving with touch and spoken word.

Attention!

Rules for the development of motor activity of a baby in the first year of life:

vestibular apparatus

Development of hand movements

You can develop the activity and functions of the hands at any time of communication with the child: during hygiene procedures, feeding, motion sickness. Put objects of various quality and shape into the hands of the baby, teach the child to grab, hold, explore and release them.

Do not forget to massage the baby's hands and fingers. With light stroking movements, massage each finger, palm and entire hand of the child in the direction "from the periphery to the center." Feel with the hands of the baby the faces of loved ones, the face of the child himself and his other hand.

When forming manipulations in a child, teach them to squeeze and unclench squeaking rubber toys, swing and knock with ringing rattles, swing hanging toys.

When forming the first objective actions, teach the baby to remove and put on rings from the pyramid rod, open and close boxes or pans with lids, knock with a hammer; beat the drum; blow the pipe, roll and throw the ball. Try to form in the child the ability to use the functional capabilities of the hand when learning about the environment, introduce him to the various purposes of objects, their qualities and properties.

Development of understanding of addressed speech

Preparing the baby for the formation of his understanding of addressed speech begins with the development of perception of various sounds of the environment, the intonation of an adult's voice, and speech sounds. Try to make the child hear different voice intonations (affectionate, gentle, joyful; angry, rude). At the moment of reaction, the child has a change in movements and facial expressions (smile, laughter or resentment, crying), support the child in these answers, offer the stimulus again, thereby reinforcing this skill, explaining to him in such a way that this is exactly what was needed do.

Correlation of the melody of the word with the appearance of the object, i.e. understanding that an object has a verbal designation occurs over a long period of time in the process of the child's systematic acquaintance with the object and the word denoting it.

Introduce the child to the object, its properties and purpose, clearly and briefly designate it with a word, in the process of performing the action, comment on what is happening (fell, going, am). This will allow the baby to remember both the appearance and its verbal designation, to master the actions and their speech patterns. At the beginning, introduce the child to two-syllable babble words or onomatopoeia: lala (wa), kitty (meow), bi-bi, av-av, draw the baby's attention to your face and facial expressions, movements of the organs of articulation. This will help him understand how and what to do, will make him want to repeat the facilitated words after the adult. So gradually your games will form the ability to communicate using words, i.e. speech.

When learning to memorize the names of toys or other surrounding objects, try to keep them always in a certain place, in the field of view of the child. Simultaneously with the presentation of the toy at the moment of fixing the gaze on it, say its name. Pronounce the words slowly, melodiously, with different intonations.

At the same time, the baby, with your help, must perform various manipulations with the toy - groping, stroking movements. Teach your child to find the named toy with a glance, as if answering your question: Where is Lyalya? Here is lala! If necessary, you can turn the child's head towards the named toy. After the child began to constantly correctly fulfill the request of an adult and find one or two toys by the word, proceed to the formation of his understanding of other words.

With the further development of the understanding of addressed speech in the baby, try to work out:

In the process of playing with a child, you can use: rhymes, songs, nursery rhymes that accompany the actions of a child and an adult. This contributes to the creation of a positive emotional mood, the development of a sense of rhythm and the consolidation of the connection between the object, action and the word that denotes them!

It is important to teach the baby to listen to the calm lullabies of the mother.

The development of a child's speech is based on knowledge of the environment, the development of auditory and visual perception.

An important direction in the development of the baby's speech is the stimulation of voice reactions, sound and speech activity of the child. Stimulate in children any available voice, sound reactions, and subsequently words.

Each activity to stimulate cooing, and later babbling activity, begins with the involvement of the child in emotional contact with an adult. In this case, you can carry out the following exercises:

To stimulate the pronunciation of the syllables "ma", "ba", "pa" at the moments of the child's voice activity, the adult "passively" (with his own hands) closes the baby's lips. Several rhythmic successive closing and opening of the lips create the possibility of pronouncing lip sounds: "p", "b", "m".

After the child has mastered the skill of pronouncing individual sounds and syllables for the development of the child's speech activity, proceed to learning babbling (lightweight) words. They are evoked in the child by imitation and necessarily correlate with a certain person, object or action. Try to make the pronunciation of words and onomatopoeia not formal, but conscious. To do this, it is necessary to select words that are accessible to the child according to the sound-syllabic composition (“mother”, “dad”, “woman”, “uncle”, “Tata”, “Vava”, “Nata”, “yes”). It also stimulates the pronunciation of various onomatopoeias (“bi-bi”, “ha-ha”, “ko-ko”, “ha-ha”, “mu-mu”), which correlate with toys, objects, animals.

Then develop the pronunciation of common words. In addition to words denoting objects, the child is offered words denoting actions: “give”, “on”, “bang”, “go”.

Gradually, the stock of spoken words should expand. At the same time, speech communication is constantly being stimulated at a level accessible to your baby.

Sensory development of a child is the formation of perception about the properties of objects, their shape, color, size, spatial position, their inherent smells, tastes, as well as the accumulation of sensory experience.

The basic ideas about the world around us are laid before the age of seven, so the role of sensory development in infancy is fundamental.

Teachers and psychologists unanimously argue that without timely sensory education it is impossible to develop the mental abilities of the child.

Sensory development of children from birth to the year is coming rapidly, so it should be given maximum attention from the very first days. With the development of basic sensory perceptions, the path to a talented, successful future of the baby begins.

newborn babies

The most correct idea of a newborn is the idea of a small, but still a person, and not just as an object of care. In works on preschool psychology G.A. Uruntaeva noted that from the moment of birth, the baby's sense organs function, however, the sensory development of young children (0-1 years) does not occur simultaneously with the development of motor skills.
The timely start of the development of the baby's sense organs is the key to its successful development in the future.

Therefore, the first weeks and even days are extremely favorable for the start of sensory education of the crumbs. The easiest games important procedures such as gymnastics or relaxing massage - best exercises on sensory development for newborns. Let us consider in more detail the potential of a recently born baby, as well as the possibilities of sensory development of newborns at home.

Movements and actions

A feature of the sensory development of a newborn is that vision and hearing develop faster than, for example, hands. Therefore, parents who want to speed up the cognitive abilities of their child, it is important to offer the baby games for the development of motor skills. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the development of general and fine motor skills of the newborn, because motor activity is an indicator of psycho emotional development baby. Scientists have proven that the movements of the fingers of the crumbs have positive influence on the cerebral cortex and the formation of speech zones.

Kinesthetic, kinetic and spatial factors are responsible for the free possession of your body. Kinesthetic and kinetic development in newborns is a sense of the position of one's body in space, the efforts produced by the muscles in the process of movement or certain actions, as well as a set of body movements (including facial expressions) used during communication. The role of kinesthetic and kinetic development in newborns was singled out by I. M. Sechenov, who believes that muscle feeling is not only a regulator of movement, but also the psychophysical basis for seeing space.

Consolidation of understanding in the child's brain of all postures and movements occurs at three levels:

visual, that is, in the process of observing the movement of other people;
verbally - the child pronounces actions for himself or commands others;
motor - with independent performance of actions.

To help the child concentrate on his feelings, you can use games for kinesthetic and kinetic development:

change in the position of the body (stretching up, then complete relaxation);
change in the quality of movements (first sharp, then smooth);
movement in different directions (up-down, left-right).

Fundamental to the development of spatial relationships in newborns is awareness of one's own body, beginning with muscle tension and relaxation. A newly born baby does not yet know where his body ends and the world around him begins, so the development of spatial relationships in newborns directly depends on his ability to hold his head, and subsequently sit and walk. It is with the development of these skills that the baby receives the first awareness of himself in the world around him. Excellent games for the formation of spatial relationships can be invented during massage and gymnastics.

The development of tactile-motor sensations in newborns occurs primarily through bodily contact with the mother. Therefore, take the baby in your arms more often, practice periodically sleeping together or taking a bath. Make or buy a developmental mat from materials of different textures for games to develop tactile and motor sensations. Laying the baby naked on it, he will feel the materials not only with his hands, but also with his legs and tummy, developing tactile and motor sensations. Hang a carousel with toys of various shapes and materials over the crib and periodically change them for others. It is desirable that the toys are also different in size and colors, then this will also have a positive effect on the development of the newborn's vision.

Develop vision, hearing and taste

Babies who are born still see very poorly, so try to play games for the development of vision from time to time: show the baby a bright rattle or simple pictures, but do not remove or move them too quickly, let the baby see them. To avoid the development of strabismus, do not bring your face or various objects closer than 30 cm to the baby. Study with the baby his reflection in the mirror and landscapes outside the window.

Babies perceive many sounds from birth, so parents should use music therapy to develop hearing in newborns. Turn on the baby calm classical music with the participation of different instruments - this will help develop not only hearing, but also musical abilities, good melodic taste and will have a positive effect on nervous system.

To calm the kids, Vivaldi compositions are good (for example, “Winter” from “The Seasons”), lullabies, especially if their mother sings them. To raise the mood and activity of the crumbs, include the works of Bach or Brahms, Tchaikovsky's waltzes, Beethoven's sixth symphony. Also, kids love the compositions of Chopin or Mozart. Scientists have found that when listening to the music of the latter, the entire cerebral cortex is activated and called this the “Mozart effect”. Constantly talk to the baby using different intonations and timbre of the voice, this will also help the development of hearing.

Taste buds in humans are formed early. Studies aimed at the development of taste in newborns have shown that from birth, the baby has its own taste preferences, and some scientists believe that they are laid down at the prenatal stage. Let your baby try water with different flavors: lemon, sweet and fennel. Such games will help develop the sense of smell, and parents will check the taste sensations of the baby.

Two months to a year

Scientists have proven that the most favorable development of the baby proceeds under a well-thought-out plan for the upbringing and education of parents who take into account the age characteristics of the crumbs.

Let's talk a little about the sensory development of a child up to a year at home.

Actions and movements

The richer the experience of sensations in the baby, the smarter and more active he will become growing up.

To diversify the sensations of the crumbs, use various games to develop tactile and motor sensations. Make a variety of footprints from paper, cardboard, cloth, cotton and bandages, inviting a barefoot child to stomp on them, and very small crumbs can be held under the arms.

Pour different cereals, peas or buttons into the bags and let the baby try them by touch. This will be a very exciting game for a young discoverer (just check the strength of the bags so that the baby cannot break them). Organize water procedures for toys by placing them in a small inflatable pool or basin - kids love water games very much.

The development of general and fine motor skills in a child up to a year is an important, but quite feasible task for parents. For very young children, you can offer a small puppet theater in which the main participant will be the baby. Make or buy fairytale heroes which can be put on the fingers of a child. This funny game will interest the baby, prompting a desire to better manage them. Play nursery rhymes with fingers and palms.

Slightly older kids can already be offered modeling from plant-based plasticine (PlayDoh or Artberry) or from dough. It's not scary if the baby tastes plasticine. It is made on the basis of a natural test and is therefore absolutely safe. The material has a bright palette of colors and is ideal for the first steps in mastering the techniques of modeling and modeling.

Do not forget about games with improvised items: fasteners and buttons on clothes, boxes and jars. Also, modern stores offer a huge range of toys for the development of general and fine motor skills in a child up to a year and older. These are various pyramids, rattles, developing centers and rugs. Of course, it is important for mothers to remember that one of the main organs of the baby's knowledge of the world is the mouth, so the baby needs to taste any object. Based on this, all toys must respond age category baby, not have small parts, and all its small parts must be securely sewn or attached to the base.

Kinesthetic and kinetic development in a child up to a year progresses especially rapidly in the second half of the year. Now more and more hand movements are regulated, which become more confident every day. Muscles receive a "signal" to action from the brain, as well as from the peripheral senses (tactile, visual and auditory) about achievements, as a result of which the brain and central nervous system give more accurate "commands". Kinesthetic and kinetic development in a child reaches a high level by the age of one, and the baby can already take an object without hitting the surrounding things.

Drawing can be attributed to quite suitable games for kinesthetic and kinetic development, helping to develop imagination and coordination, even for such small ones. When the child reaches 10 months of age, you can start drawing with the little one using finger paints. Such paints are designed for small artists: they have wide jars that fit tiny fingers comfortably. They do not contain harmful components, therefore, if they enter the mouth in small doses, they will not harm the health of the crumbs.

Candidate of Medical Sciences Maria Gmoshinskaya has developed a technique for drawing babies, according to which to acquaint the baby with artistic creativity it is possible from 6 months, the main thing is that the child knows how to sit confidently. Fingers, palms, and both hands can participate in the drawing process. You should not force the baby to draw by force, since the essence of the technique is based on developing his natural qualities. Also, do not interfere creative process peanut. Being a little aside and keeping everything under control, you will give the baby freedom of action.

The development of tactile-motor sensations in a child up to a year occurs when you touch an object, and the mastery of a subtle movement of the hands is carried out under the control of vision. The associations arising from tactile sensations and visual perceptions were very accurately and simply expressed by the Nobel laureate I. P. Pavlov: “The eye “teaches” the hand, the hand “teaches” the eye.”

Use games to develop tactile and motor sensations - place toys of various shapes and textures in a bag and invite the baby to get them one at a time, slowly, groping with his hand. Do not forget about safety and in any case do not give your child objects and toys containing small parts!

It is widely believed that playing with, for example, beans or other grains is safe, but doctors will tell you many accidents when a child swallowed such a “toy” and either suffocated or the beans sprouted in the esophagus. Therefore, using in games natural materials, give preference to larger items. Suitable, for example (pre-washed), walnut in shell, Pine cones, seashells.

Develop hearing and vision

Continue to practice music therapy for hearing development in children under one year old, as its positive effect has been proven time and again by scientists. It is useful for restless and excitable babies to listen to melodies at a slow pace. Usually these are the second parts of classical sonatas and instrumental concertos, for example, the 2nd part of Mozart's Little Night Serenade, the duet of Lisa and Polina from the opera The Queen of Spades by Tchaikovsky. For inactive kids, and crumbs with a syndrome of oppression, waltzes from Tchaikovsky's compositions, marching melodies, "Spring" from the seasons of Vivaldi are useful. Also, scientists have noted that a melody with words affects children more than a melody without words, and singing live is several times better than singing in a recording.

One of the best backgrounds for babies is the sounds of nature. The surf, the chirping of birds and the rustle of foliage favorable influence on the nervous system and the development of hearing. A child up to a year old has a very sensitive hearing aid, so do not forget that the sounds around him should not be loud. It is worth noting that the simplest exercises with a rattle, bells and musical instruments are indispensable games for the development of hearing. Remember that such a harmless event also has contraindications (predisposition to convulsions, intracranial pressure, otitis media, the baby’s serious condition with diseases).

The development of vision in a child up to a year is not only a natural process, but also partly dependent on the baby's parents. It is best if the crumbs are surrounded by bright contrasting colors, objects of different shapes and sizes, for example, multi-colored bedspreads, vases, flower pots. You can also hang small mirrors, bright toys, photographs and pictures around the crib. For example, photos of parents printed on A4 sheet and hung on the wall by the crib will calm the baby and create a safe space for him. Scientists have proven that a person's face is what Small child loves to look at most, and remembers the faces of his parents from birth.

It is very important that the baby's crib (or playpen, where the child will be most often) is in the brightest place. The development of vision continues 9 months after birth, and the eyes need exposure to light in order for the formation to complete correctly. Otherwise, deviations in the development of the child's vision are possible.

A favorable effect on the development of vision up to a year has a frequent laying out of the baby on the tummy in the first months of life. Play with the baby in games for the development of vision: in a playful way, try to concentrate the gaze of the little one on yourself. When feeding, put on multi-colored beads or a colorful scarf, draw on one side paper plate a cheerful face, and on the other sad and swap them. The child will watch this process with interest, and offer a little grown-up kid a game of “repeats” - smile with your mother, show your tongue, clap your hands.

On the Development of Taste and Spatial Relations

The development of taste in a child up to a year is also an important aspect of perception for a growing man. If the baby has the right taste orientation for healthy foods, then he will be healthy and full of energy. Taste sensations are quite multifaceted and are influenced by many factors: the smell of food, its texture, appearance.

The structure of food depends on age, so for proper development taste in a child up to a year there is a special calendar for the introduction of complementary foods. Introduce complementary foods correctly and make the baby's menu varied.

Use various games to develop taste - learn smells with your baby. Offer to smell the aroma of cocoa, coffee, soap, spices, and in summer the fragrance of flowers and herbs, be sure to pronounce the name of the object under study. An older baby, whose age is approaching a year, can be offered the “find a pair” game. Offer the toddler three pairs of boxes containing, for example, mint leaves, coffee beans, or a sponge soaked in citrus shower gel, and ask them to find and show which boxes smell the same.

The development of spatial relations in a child up to a year is just beginning to take shape. Spatial representations, although they arise early, are a more complex process than the difference in the properties of objects. The child does not own any reference system, therefore, uses a sensory system based on the sides of his own body. There are many didactic and outdoor games for the development of spatial relationships in children.

It should be noted that games for the development of spatial relations in children under one year old are based on the method of developing the ability to navigate on their own body, that is, this is a kind of preparation stage when the child learns the names of parts of his body. An adult, in the process of communicating with the baby, pronounces the actions: “Let's wash the right hand, wash the left hand”, “put on the right (and then the left) sock, a hat on the head”, and plays with the grown child didactic games- “we will dress the doll”, “the doll is being washed”, we show and name parts of the body together.

Sensory development of children under 1 year old is an exciting activity for both the baby and the mother. The main thing is to remember the safety rules and carefully monitor the baby during the games, then the classes will be interesting, fun and useful. Protect your child from toys that have small parts and sharp corners, as well as ropes and ribbons that the child can get tangled in. There are many methods for the sensory development of children under 1 year old. However, before choosing a particular development method for a child, you should carefully study each one and highlight all the pros and cons.

Methods of early child development

Doman technique

Doman Methods is a series of restorative and educational exercises for both healthy children and toddlers with developmental delays, aimed at activating the brain through learning.

The essence of the techniques is that the child is shown cards with large red letters, dots, pictures and words on a short time. Children under one year old are shown cards with different drawings and the names of the objects depicted on them are pronounced aloud.

Each card should be shown for 5 to 10 seconds. Classes last no more than a minute, but should be repeated several times a day, with a gradually increasing number of cards. Training according to the Doman method has achieved amazing results - children with mental retardation have learned to read fluently, and kids who have been studying according to the program from the very beginning early childhood became Nobel laureates. Moreover, lagging behind kids caught up with healthy children not only in mental, but also in physical development!

Lupan technique

Inspired by Doman's ideas, loving mother Cecile Lupan decided to develop her daughter based on his methods. However, over time, I came to the conclusion that training should be based on other principles. In particular, on what to learn, the child should be easy and interesting, and classes should bring joy to both the baby and parents.

The main idea of the Lupan technique is that the child needs attention-interest, and not attention-care, so as not to drown out the baby's creativity and not cause a feeling of violation of personal boundaries. Lupan came to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop the innate abilities and interests of the crumbs, and not train him according to strict rules and schedules.

Cecile described her successes in the development of her daughters and methods for achieving them in the book “Practical Guide“ Believe in Your Child ”, while developing a series of games and exercises for the development of children.

According to the author, an important place in the development of the child is occupied by the first year of his life, during which it is necessary to develop the five basic feelings of the baby.
To do this, you need to take him in your arms more often, show everything, talk about everything and, most importantly, maintain bodily contact: hug, kiss and stroke. It is important to speak to the child of his and his actions.

For the development of vision, build funny grimaces, for hearing, listen to classical music, sing children's songs and tell nursery rhymes.

An important place in the Lupan technique is occupied by physical development children under one year old. It is necessary to create the maximum comfortable conditions to encourage the child to crawl and then walk. Cecile also highlights the effect of water exercises and, in particular, learning to swim. Some mothers are afraid to teach their newborn babies to swim, but in vain, because babies up to 6 months old, in addition to sucking, also have a breath-holding reflex. Therefore, in the Lupan book there are a number of exercises for diving babies, such as "Torpedo", "Shower on the face" or "Spitting water".

For children under one year old, it is especially important that any training takes place in the form of an exciting game, Lupan believes. So, for example, she suggests teaching the baby new words or the alphabet in the form funny song, and the score - by your own answers to comic and funny questions (for example, “how many elephants do you have in your pocket?” - “zero”, “how many big bears do we have on the sofa?” - one, etc.)

Zheleznov's technique. Growing up with music

One of the most effective methods early development of hearing is considered the Zheleznovs' technique "Music with Mom", the principle of which is to present educational material in a playful way. For classes with a child using this technique, mothers should only deal with their child to cheerful melodies, songs and nursery rhymes.

Play, sculpt, draw, dance and even fall asleep to the music and you will discover the extraordinary abilities of the baby, which you did not even know about. The technique includes a series of lullabies, nursery rhymes and finger games.

For the smallest, there are such collections as "First Lessons" - for babies from 2 months to 2 years old, which include songs with an element of the game. To this music, the baby will clap his hands together with adults, dance with his mother in her arms and do gymnastics. For children from 6 months, a collection of "Mom's Lessons" has been developed, which will become an indispensable assistant in communicating with the baby. Funny songs-games will help mom feed a little gourmet, dress, bathe, put to bed, have fun and provocatively spend time with her beloved little one.

Ibuka technique or after three it's too late

One of the pioneers in the study of the direction of early childhood development was Masaru Ibuka, a Japanese entrepreneur and one of the founders of Sony.

Masaru Ibuka believed that the mental abilities of a child develop only in the first three years of life, and it is during this period that the baby absorbs any information like a sponge. According to the Ibuka method, up to three years old, a child can be taught to write, read, and even play the violin.

Having delved into and studied this topic in more detail, Ibuka wrote the book "After Three It's Too Late", in which he detailed his theory that "no child is born a genius and no one is born a fool."
It all depends on the stimulation and degree of development of the brain, which directly depends on what the parents laid in the baby from birth.

The book does not practical advice about education, but rather answers the questions "why is early development necessary and why is it important for the future." So, what to play with a child up to a year old? Yes, whatever! Ibuka believed that a large number of toys prevent the baby from developing correctly, so the Japanese suggested using any items at home (of course, which cannot harm the child) as entertainment. Offer the baby a blanket or, for example, a small pillow and the baby will be happy to find a use for them, developing their imagination. Ibuka also recommends drawing with the baby with your fingers, but not with paints on paper, but simply with your fingers on buckwheat, rice or semolina. The child will enjoy this activity, and during the game, motor skills and tactile sensations will develop.

Tyulenev's technique. Read before walking

The teacher and sociologist Pavel Viktorovich Tyulenev, who developed the “Methodology for the Intellectual Development of the Child” (MIRR), puts parents in an even tougher framework.

Tyulenev's MIRR is an accelerated learning system covering all areas of development. Tyulenev considers the age from 0 to 1.5 years old to be early development, from 1.5 to 2 years - the average development, and the age from 2 to 3 years he calls "late early development". If a child has reached the age of three and is not yet ready for school, then, according to Tyulenev, he is pedagogically neglected.

The teaching material for the methodology is proposed to use the educational games and manuals created by the author, as well as the special alphabet of the MIRR. It should be noted that the training of children according to this method is planned literally by the hour and developments begin not only from the moment of birth, but even at the perinatal age.

For children up to a year, Tyulenev developed the following series of exercises:

a baby up to 2 months old should be shown pictures with letters, figures, ornaments, and parents should name what is shown in these pictures;
from two months to add images of animals and mathematical symbols to the pictures;
from four, according to Tyulenev, the baby can already be introduced to the laws of physics by throwing toys different size on the floor;
from five months, mother and baby should learn to make sounds from musical instruments, for example, beat the xylophone with sticks;
at 6 months, the baby should be offered a variety of postcards. The kid will look at them with interest, and the mother will tell him about what is depicted on each.
from the age of seven months, parents begin to study letters with the baby and compose words with a magnetic alphabet.

In this way, the principle of the technique is to prevent the baby from needlessly wasted time.

The Nikitin system is an exam tested by life

The Nikitin system is aimed at educating healthy, intelligent and independent people. The main idea of the system is "Irreversible Extinction of Opportunities for Effective Development of Capabilities". Nikitins believed that every child is born with colossal abilities for all types of activities. However, for the effective development of the mind and body, certain conditions are needed, and if talents are not realized in time, then their potential will fade.
Therefore, the main goal of parents, according to the Nikitins, should be to help the development of the child. The main principles of the Nikitins' methodology are freedom of creativity and parental indifference to the successes and failures of the child.

There are also two extremes of parenting that should be avoided. This is, first of all, the “abandonment” of the child: the communication of parents with the crumbs is reduced only to the fulfillment of needs - to feed, wash, clothe - and its opposite extreme - when all the baby’s free time is occupied with exercises, entertainment, games and the child does not have time for himself .

Nikitins have published a number of books in which they describe in detail their development system, as well as the mistakes made in education. The most popular game for babies up to a year old according to the Nikitin method is "Frames and inserts", consisting of frames and inserts in the form of various geometric shapes. You can play it from 10 months, and it’s worth starting training with a small number of figures (2-3), gradually increasing the number. The kid is invited to choose a frame for each figure. The game is not exhaustive and allows you to change tasks as the child grows up. By the way, Nikitins advise not to show him the right solution, but to give him the opportunity to find the right option on his own.

Literature:

1. Chuprikova N.I. Mental development and learning: Psychological foundations of developmental learning - M .: JSC "Century", 1995 - 192 p.

2. Bauer T. Mental development of the infant. Per. from English. A.B. Leonova. –2nd ed. - M.: Progress, 1989. -319 p.

3. Pilyugina V.A. Sensory abilities of the baby: Games for the development of perception of color, shape, size in young children: Book. for kindergarten teachers and parents. -M .: Education: JSC "Educational. Met ", 1996. - 112 p.

4.I.M. Sechenov "Reflexes of the brain"

5.Galiguzova L.N., Smirnova E.O. Stages of communication: from one to seven years. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992 -142 p.

The first month is a very difficult period in the life of the baby and his parents. The main task at this stage is to adapt: for a child to the world, for parents to a new status, regime and the presence of a new person in their life.

During this period, as a rule, a young mother is not always able to find the strength to search for information on the development of the baby. There is enough information about the physiology of such babies in the field, but little is said about the development of such crumbs. Therefore, I hope that the exercises collected here will be useful to young parents and free up precious time for them to communicate with their crumbs. Fortunately, no special techniques or devices are required for practicing with such a baby.

The baby is ready to learn from the moment of birth. Nature in this little helpless creature has an amazing desire for knowledge. Parents can only stimulate the child and rejoice in his success.

The kid is doing a great job on his own. And in order to help him both physical and mental development, it is enough, doing everyday things, caring for the baby, to conduct the first “lessons”.

It is important to remember that all classes with the baby should be short, carried out only when the baby is healthy, full and alert, and it is very important that the mother was in good mood. If at least one of these conditions is not met, it is better to postpone classes.

vision development

The vision of the baby from birth to a month is arranged in such a way that the baby clearly sees objects located at a distance of no more than 30 cm from his face. And the newborn is able to focus on such an object only for a few seconds. But the child develops so quickly that any actions of adults stimulate his visual system.

The most interesting object for the study of the crumbs is the human face. First of all, of course, the face of the mother. While feeding and dressing the baby, talk to him, look the crumbs in the eyes. It is extremely interesting for a child to watch how a mother makes “faces”, smiles, frowns, and talks. The main thing to remember is that the distance at which the mother's face is visible to the baby is 20-30 cm.
Your baby will love the copycat game, and it will bring you a few pleasant moments. The kid already knows how to frown, wrinkle his forehead, listen intently, smile involuntarily. By copying the baby's facial expressions, you will evoke new emotions in him. Such a “living mirror” can captivate your baby very much.
Children's vision is such that it is not primarily bright toys that attract its attention (although the newborn distinguishes color and recognizes color intensity), as most parents believe, but contrasting black and white objects. A cage, a strip, black and white images can attract a baby much more. Now mobiles with black and white pendants have appeared in stores - toys that are gradually replacing colored toys as the little one grows. But you can also independently make educational toys that will help train your baby's vision. One of these educational accessories can be a human face painted on cardboard with a smile. The face should be large enough: 10-15 cm in diameter. It can be hung in the field of view of the baby. For a few minutes, this toy is able to captivate the baby. Some parents use specially made large black-and-white photos of mom and dad for this purpose. Fabric cubes sewn by mom, wooden cubes, cardboard figures painted with simple black and white images - excellent benefits for the development of the baby's vision. If you are using a bottle, you can sew or make a bottle wrapper out of paper in vertical or horizontal stripes. Also, a mother's blouse with black and white stripes or a pattern can be of great interest to a baby. Just a salvation for non-handmade mothers :).
Bright toys can and should also be used, but remember that there should not be too many items (maximum 2-3) and new toys should not appear too often (change toys every 3 days). Demonstration of the whole variety of rattles, bears and dolls purchased in advance will only tire the baby at once.
In order to develop a tracking skill in a baby, a small bright object (a toy, a ball, a piece of cloth ...) is ideal. Slowly moving the object in front of the baby's face to the right and left, you help the baby master the tracking skill. A little later, you can begin to move the line in the direction from the chin of the crumbs to the forehead and in a circle.
Another exercise that will bring joy and benefit both mom and baby (both dad and baby) is looking at yourself in the mirror together, because it's so nice to see yourself with a baby in your arms. Closer to the age of one month, a child in an upright position at a distance of 30 centimeters from the mirror is able to see an image in it that will certainly interest him. Of course, you should not expect that the baby recognizes you, and even more so himself in the reflection, this is not the goal. The child will receive a lot of new impressions, especially if in the process of admiring you will tell him that he is the owner of the most wonderful nose, mouth, eye, etc. in the world, and in general is simply handsome. Declarations of love will also be received favorably :).

Hearing development.

The child hears and learns to speak from birth. Already in the first day, the baby distinguishes human speech from all other sounds and reacts to it.

Talk to your baby while you are feeding, bathing, dressing. it The best way to develop his hearing and stimulate development in general, as well as a way to establish emotional contact with him. The kid will be happy to listen to poems, jokes, songs. By changing the tone of your voice and the pitch of your speech, you will give your baby a new experience. It is very good if all family members will talk to the baby, devoting at least a few minutes a day to this communication.

Scientists have proven that young children respond positively to "lisping", so adults often involuntarily switch to such communication. But you should not “lisp” with the baby all the time.
The development of the baby is also well stimulated by playing with a rattle, a quiet melodic bell. Show your child the toy and let them hear how it sounds. Then you can move the sound source to the right, to the left above the baby's head.
Name the baby affectionate nicknames, but do not forget to use the name of the crumbs more often when dealing with him.
You can and should use pleasant soft music. Now stores offer a large selection of classical melodies and lullabies for children. But it is very important to remember that even very high-quality equipment and the most expensive discs will not replace the baby's mother's singing. Experts say that singing contributes to the development of the musical ear of the crumbs. Even if you yourself are very critical of your own musical abilities, your baby will become your devoted admirer and admirer of talent.
Sometimes it becomes necessary to calm the baby. Newborn babies often fall asleep to rhythmic sounds that remind them of their mother's heartbeat during intrauterine life. Many of them are very fond of listening to the ticking of the clock and even the sounds made by the dishwasher during operation. Manufacturers of products for babies even offer a toy that makes a sound similar to noise. amniotic fluid, claiming that she calms the baby.

Development of tactile sensitivity (sensory base)

The skin is the most developed "sense organ" of the baby at the time of birth. Tactile sensations can significantly enrich the baby's stock of impressions. It is very important to take into account that physical contact with the mother is not only a powerful developmental stimulus, but also helps to calm the baby, gives him a sense of security.

Medical massage, of course, is best left to specialists. But every mother is quite able to learn a set of simple massage techniques and exercises and carry them out with her baby. Such a home massage will be useful for both the physical and emotional development of the crumbs. Now on the bookshelves there is no shortage of literature intended for parents and containing massage techniques for newborns.
When working with a baby, playing or doing a massage, you can do the following exercise: gently blow on the palms of the crumbs, you can also do it with elbows, knees, fingers and toes.
Even the simple fingering of the baby's arms and legs is very useful exercise. It stimulates the child's awareness of his own body.
For a child, skin-to-skin contact with the mother is very important. Typically, children in breastfeeding, do not lack it. But even if you are bottle feeding your baby, put it on your breast.
Spread the crumbs on different surfaces, which give different tactile sensations (chintz, terry towel, plaid, silk fabric, artificial fur). Stroke the arms and legs of the crumbs with a piece of these fabrics. Watch the reaction.
During dressing, it is necessary to give the crumbs the opportunity to be naked, if the temperature conditions in the room allow. This is both hardening and a new experience for the child.

Coordination of movements (movements in space)

The more often you change your child's field of vision, the faster he will develop the coordination and balance he will need to sit, crawl, and walk.

Carry your baby in your arms, holding him face to face, then his back to you.
Turn the baby in different directions, gently supporting the head.
Do not limit your baby's stay in the apartment with a crib and a changing table. Having previously made sure that it is safe for the crumbs, lay it out on a sofa, armchair, etc.

By the end of the first month, your baby will make a significant breakthrough in development, and in return for your love and care, you will very soon receive the first wonderful smile addressed specifically to you. I wish you success in the development of your children!

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