The personality of each person is endowed only with its inherent combination of psychological traits and characteristics that form its individuality, constituting the originality of a person, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes (perception, memory, thinking, imagination), in abilities, individual style of activity, etc.

Biological and social in the structure of personality.

Endopsychics (biological) as a substructure of the personality expresses the internal interdependence of mental elements and functions, as if the internal mechanism of the human personality, identified with the neuropsychic organization of man. Exopsychic (social) is determined by the attitude of a person to the external environment, i.e. to the whole sphere of what is opposed to the personality, to which the personality can, one way or another, relate. Endopsychic includes such traits as susceptibility, features of memory, thinking and imagination, the ability to volitional effort, impulsiveness, etc., and exopsychic - a system of human relations and his experience, i.e. interests, inclinations, ideals, prevailing feelings, formed knowledge, etc.

The biological, entering the personality of a person, becomes social.

Natural organic sides and features exist in the structure of the individuality of the human personality as its socially conditioned elements. Natural (anatomical, physiological and other qualities) and social form a unity and cannot be mechanically opposed to each other as independent substructures of personality.

So, recognizing the role of both natural, biological, and social in the structure of individuality, it is impossible to single out biological substructures in a person's personality, in which they already exist in a transformed form.

The structure of personality is made up of character, temperament and abilities.

The concept of character.

Translated from Greek, "character" is "chasing", "sign". Indeed, character is the special signs that a person acquires while living in society.

Character is a set of stable individual characteristics of a person, which develops and manifests itself in activity and communication, causing behavior typical for an individual.

The formation of character occurs in the context of the inclusion of the individual in social groups of different levels of development.

The character of a person is always multifaceted. In it, features or sides can be distinguished, which, however, do not exist in isolation, separately from each other, but are connected together, forming a more or less integral character structure.

The structure of the character is found in the regular relationship between its individual features. If a person is cowardly, there is reason to believe that he will not have the qualities of initiative (fearing an unfavorable turn of the proposal or act initiated by him), decisiveness and independence (making a decision implies personal responsibility), selflessness and generosity (helping another may infringe him in some way). own interests, which is dangerous for him). At the same time, from a person who is cowardly by nature, one can expect humiliation and obsequiousness (in relation to the strong), conformity (not to turn out to be a "black sheep"), greed (to insure oneself financially for the future), readiness for betrayal (at least, with extreme circumstances that threaten his safety), incredulity and caution. However, not always a cowardly person can behave in this way, he can even behave arrogantly, thereby veiling his own shortcoming, but of course, the above listed qualities will prevail.

Among the character traits, some may act as the main ones. In life, there are more integral characters and contradictory ones. Among the whole characters, at least certain types can be distinguished.

The character of a person is shown:

1. In the way he treats other people;

2. The attitude of a person towards himself is indicative of the character;

3. Character is revealed in a person's attitude to business;

4. Character is manifested in a person's attitude to things.

Accentuation of character traits.

When the quantitative expression of a particular character trait reaches the limit values ​​and is at the extreme limit of the norm, the so-called character accentuation occurs.

Character accentuation is the extreme version of the norm as a result of strengthening its individual features.

Accentuation of character under extremely unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in the behavior of the individual, to psychopathology, but reducing it to pathology is unlawful.

The following major types of character accentuation are distinguished: Introverted type of character, which is characterized by isolation, difficulty in communicating and establishing contacts with others, withdrawing into oneself; extrovert type - emotional excitement, thirst for communication and activity, often regardless of its necessity and value, talkativeness, inconstancy of hobbies, sometimes boastfulness, superficiality, conformity; uncontrollable type - impulsiveness, conflict, intolerance to objections, and sometimes suspicion.

The main features of the neurasthenic type of character accentuation are the prevailing ill health, irritability, fatigue, suspiciousness. Irritation against others and self-pity can lead to short-term outbursts of anger, but the rapid exhaustion of the nervous system soon extinguishes anger and promotes peace, repentance, tears.

The sensitive type is characterized by fearfulness, isolation, shyness. Timid and shy boys put on the guise of debauchery, but as soon as the situation requires courage and determination from them, they immediately give in. If you manage to establish trusting contact with them, then their sensitivity and exorbitant demands on themselves immediately become visible. If you begin to sympathize with them, they may even burst into tears.

Character and temperament.

From nature, a person receives only opportunities for development in a certain direction. They lie in the anatomical and physiological features of the brain and endocrine system of the child being born. On this basis, the individual characteristics of a person, in particular his temperament, develop. Temperament is called stable individual personality traits, which are expressed in the dynamics of mental processes and actions.

The traits of temperament include the strength or weakness of experiencing feelings and desires, their depth or superficiality, stability or variability of mood.

Temperament types: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguine.

The traits of temperament and character form an almost inseparable alloy that determines the general appearance of a person, an integral characteristic of his personality.

Cholerics include energetic, quick-tempered, "passionate" people. Melancholics were called timid, indecisive, sad; phlegmatic - slow, calm, cold. Hot, agile, cheerful, lively people were classified as sanguine.

Character is largely the result of self-education. Thus, character is a lifetime acquisition of a person who is included in the system of social relations, in joint activities and communication with other people, and thereby acquires his own individuality.

The concept of abilities.

Abilities are such psychological characteristics of a person, on which the success of acquiring Knowledge, Skills, and Skills depends, but which themselves cannot be reduced to the presence of these ZUNs.

Abilities and knowledge, abilities and skills, abilities and skills are not identical to each other. In relation to ZUN, a person's abilities act as a certain possibility. Just as a grain thrown into the soil is only a possibility in relation to an ear, which can grow from this grain only under the condition that the structure, composition and moisture of the soil, weather, etc. turn out to be favorable, human abilities are only an opportunity for acquiring knowledge and skills. And whether or not this knowledge and skills will be acquired, whether the possibility will turn into reality, depends on many conditions.

Abilities are found only in activities that cannot be carried out without the presence of these abilities.

Abilities are found not in ZUN, as such, but in the dynamics of their acquisition, i.e. in the extent to which, other things being equal, the process of mastering knowledge and skills that are essential for this activity is quickly, deeply, easily and firmly carried out.

The ability to compensate for some abilities through the development of others opens up inexhaustible opportunities for each person, pushing the boundaries of choosing a profession and improving in it.

On the whole, a qualitative characteristic of abilities makes it possible to answer the question in which area of ​​labor activity (design, pedagogical, economic, sports, etc.) is it easier for a person to find himself, to discover great successes and achievements.

The highest level of development of abilities is called talent. Talent is a combination of abilities that gives a person the opportunity to successfully, independently and originally perform any complex labor activity.

Talent is a combination of abilities, their totality. A separately taken, isolated ability cannot be an analogue of talent, even if it has reached a very high level of development and is pronounced.

Talent is such a complex combination of the mental qualities of a person that it cannot be defined by any one single ability.

The structure of talent is determined, ultimately, by the nature of the requirements that this activity imposes on the individual.

There is also such a thing as giftedness, it is not at all identical to talent, it acts as a prerequisite for the emergence of talent.

As a result of studying a number of gifted children, it was possible to identify some essential abilities that together form the structure of mental giftedness.

Personality Features:

1. Attentiveness, composure, constant readiness for hard work;

2. Willingness to work develops into a propensity to work, into diligence, into an indefatigable need to work;

3. Associated with intellectual activity: these are the features of thinking, the speed of thought processes, the systematic mind, increased possibilities for analysis and generalization, high productivity of mental activity.

If we talk about specific differences in giftedness, then they are found in the direction of interests. One child, after some period of searching, stops at mathematics, the other at biology. Further development of the abilities of each of these children occurs in a specific activity that cannot be carried out without the presence of these abilities.

Therefore, the structure of special giftedness includes a complex of the above personality traits and is supplemented by a number of abilities that meet the requirements of a particular activity. So, it has been established that mathematical talent is characterized by the presence of specific abilities, among which the following can be distinguished: formalized perception of mathematical material, which takes on the character of a quick grasp of the conditions of a given problem and the expression of their formal structure; ability to identify the essence of the problem; to the generalization of mathematical objects, relations and actions, etc.

Constitution is a set of morphological and functional characteristics of the organism, formed on the basis of hereditary and acquired properties and determining its capacity and reactivity, i.e., the nature of the response to various influences. Since the body is an integral structure, it is necessary to identify all intersystem relationships in order to establish consistency with each other of the morphological, physiological, biochemical, immunological, mental and other parameters of the body. The human constitution is an integral biopsychic characteristic of the organism, which reflects its individuality. At the same time, each person goes through a certain path in his development, realizing hereditary potentials in the specific conditions of the surrounding world.

Each type of constitution has characteristic features not only in anthropological indicators, but also in the activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, metabolism, structure and functions of internal organs. Specific types of constitution are characterized by various features of immunity, predisposition to infectious and non-infectious diseases.

In the process of the historical development of society, as a result of natural selection and constant adaptation to changing environmental conditions, certain constitutional types were formed.

The approach to the study of types of constitution should not be evaluative, since none of the types is neither good nor bad. Each type is justified both biologically and socially. In a society there should be representatives of various constitutional types, which is a guarantee of the sustainable development of society.

The constitutional type indicates what kind of lifestyle nature has provided for a particular individual. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of different types makes it possible to choose the appropriate approach to the regimen, nutrition, behavior, prevention and treatment of diseases, professional and sports orientation, educational program and lifestyle for each individual.

MORPHOLOGICAL CONSTITUTIONAL FEATURES

With a differentiated approach to training and education, the study of the constitutional features of their body is of great practical importance.

When distinguishing types of constitution, the morphological criterion (somatotype) is traditionally taken as the basis, which includes many manifestations, ranging from the peculiarities of the hormonal background to the characteristics of a person's temperament.

When distinguishing constitutional types, the functional properties of the organism are also taken into account, which are characterized by a specific set of metabolic, immunological, psychophysiological and other parameters of the organism. However, it is more correct to consider the constitution as an individual integral characteristic of the somatopsychophysiological integrity of a person.

Determination of the constitutional type in children

When determining the constitutional type, attention is paid to the development and correlation of such features as the shape of the back, chest, abdomen, legs; the degree of development of bone, muscle and adipose tissue.

The shape of the chest is one of the most constant signs, it changes little with age and is considered fundamental in assessing the constitutional type. There are three main forms of the chest - flattened, cylindrical and conical (Fig. 9.1).

The shape of the chest is associated with the epigastric angle (the angle formed by the costal arches), the value of which varies from acute (less than 30°) to obtuse (greater than 90°) angle. The chest can be more or less elongated in length, have the same shape along its entire length, or change - narrow or expand downward.

The flattened shape is characterized by an acute epigastric angle. In profile, the chest looks like an elongated cylinder strongly flattened from front to back, usually narrowed downwards.

Cylindrical shape - the epigastric angle is straight, in profile the chest looks like a rounded cylinder of moderate length.

Conical shape - characterized by an obtuse epigastric angle. In profile, the chest has the shape of a rounded cylinder, noticeably expanding downwards like a cone.

The back can be straight, stooped, flattened (Fig. 9.2).

The straight (normal) shape of the back is observed with a normal spinal column, without hypertrophic bends in any of its sections.

The stooped form is characterized by a pronounced vertebral bend in the chest. In this regard, pterygoid divergent scapulae are almost always observed.

The flattened form is characterized by smoothness of the thoracic and lumbar curves, a special flattening in the area of ​​the shoulder blades.

The shape of the abdomen - this sign is largely associated with the shape of the chest (Fig. 9.3).

A hollow abdomen is characterized by a complete absence of subcutaneous adipose tissue, a weak muscle tone of the abdominal wall. Protruding pelvic bones are characteristic.

A straight abdomen is characterized by a significant development of the abdominal muscles and its good tone. Fat deposition is weak or moderate, the bone relief is almost smoothed.

A convex abdomen is characterized by an abundant subcutaneous fat layer. Muscle development may be weak or moderate. With this form of the abdomen, a fold is sure to appear, located above the pubis. The bony relief of the pelvic bones is completely smoothed and often difficult to palpate.

The shape of the legs is taken into account when assessing the constitutional affiliation, but is not of paramount importance. It can be X-shaped, O-shaped and normal - straight legs. In the X-shaped form, the legs touch at the knee joint, and there is a gap between the thighs and calves. Depending on the size of this gap, the degree of X-shape can be assessed as 1, 2 and 3 (Fig. 9.4, a). The O-shape is stated when the legs do not close all the way from the groin to the ankles. The degree of their discrepancy is estimated at 1, 2 and 3 points (Fig. 9.4, b).

The development of bone, muscle and fat components is evaluated according to a three-point system.

bone component. The massiveness of the skeleton is taken into account according to the degree of development of the epiphyses, bones, massiveness of the joints. The width of the epiphyses is measured on the shoulder, forearm, lower leg and thigh. Their arithmetic mean value can be considered as an indirect characteristic of the massiveness of the skeleton and is estimated in points:

1 point - thin skeleton with thin epiphyses;

2 points - medium in terms of massiveness of the skeleton with medium or large epiphyses;

3 points - strong, massive with very wide bones and powerful epiphyses.

There are also intermediate points - 1.5 and 2.5.

The muscle component is evaluated by the size and turgor * of muscle tissue on the limbs (shoulder and thigh) both in a calm and in a tense state. This component is also scored:

1 point - weak development of muscle tissue, its flabbiness, weak tone;

2 points - moderate development, the relief of the main muscle groups under the skin is visible, good muscle tone;

3 points - a pronounced development of muscles, its clear relief, strong muscle tone.

The development of the fat component is determined by the smoothness of the bone relief of the skeleton and the size of the fat folds. They are measured with a caliper on the abdomen (at the intersection of lines drawn horizontally at the level of the navel and vertically across the nipple), on the back (under the shoulder blade) and on the back of the shoulder (above the triceps). Then their arithmetic mean value is calculated, which serves as a numerical characteristic of fat deposition. Scoring the severity of the fat component:

1 point - the bone relief of the shoulder girdle is clearly visible, especially the clavicle and shoulder blades, the ribs are visible at the place of their attachment to the sternum. There is practically no subcutaneous fat layer, the average size of the fat fold ranges from 3 to 6 mm;

2 points - the bone relief is visible only in the region of the collarbones, the rest of the relief is smoothed. Moderate development of the subcutaneous fat layer on the abdomen and back, the average size of the fat fold is from 7 to 19 mm;

3 points - abundant fat deposition in all parts of the body. The bony relief is completely smoothed out. Strong fat deposition in the abdomen, back, limbs. Thickness of fat folds from 20 mm and above.

On the basis of morphological features, four main types of constitution are distinguished - asthenoid, thoracic, muscular, digestive (according to the classification of V. G. Shtefko and A. D. Ostrovsky) (Fig. 9.5).

The asthenoid type is characterized by elongated limbs and thin bones. The chest is flattened, elongated, often narrowed downwards, the epigastric angle is sharp. The back is usually stooped, with sharply protruding shoulder blades. Belly - sunken or straight. Musculature is poorly developed, its tone is sluggish. The subcutaneous fat layer is extremely insignificant, the bones of the shoulder girdle and ribs are clearly visible. The shape of the legs is often O-shaped. There may be straight legs, but with non-closure in the hips.

The thoracic type is a relatively narrowly built type. The chest is cylindrical, less often - slightly flattened. The epigastric angle is close to straight or straight. The back is straight, sometimes with protruding shoulder blades; belly straight. Muscle and fat components are moderately developed, and the latter may be small. Muscle tone is quite high, although their mass may be small. The legs are more often straight, but there are also O- and X-shaped.

The muscular type is characterized by a massive skeleton with well-defined epiphyses, especially in the forearm and knee joint. The chest is cylindrical, rounded, of the same diameter along the entire length. The epigastric angle is straight. The back is straight. The abdomen is straight, with well-developed muscles. Muscles in children with this type of constitution are especially developed. Both the volume of muscles and their tone are significant. Fat deposition is moderate, the bone relief is smoothed. The shape of the legs is straight, but O- or X-shaped is possible.

The digestive type is characterized by abundant fat deposition. The shape of the chest is conical, short and expanded from top to bottom, the epigastric angle is obtuse. The abdomen is convex, rounded, usually with fatty folds, especially above the pubis. The back is straight or flattened. The bone component is well developed, the skeleton is large and massive. Muscle mass is developed and has a good tone. The subcutaneous fat layer forms folds on the abdomen, back, sides. Bone relief is not visible at all. Legs are X-shaped or normal.

In addition to the above types, there are also transitional ones, when the constitution of children is characterized by features of two adjacent types. For example, thoracic-muscular and musculo-thoracic types. The first place is given to the name of the type of constitution whose features predominate in this individual. Such transitional groups can only exist between two adjacent types. If the child has the features of two or more types that are not adjacent to each other, then his constitution is considered indefinite.

Some researchers of children's constitutionology believe that constitutional differences appear very early in ontogenesis and indicate the possibility of establishing body types even in infants. Others believe that these features can change greatly during the growth of the organism, modified under the influence of various factors that change the relationship of the organism with the environment. With the onset of puberty in adolescents, there is a change in the intragroup distribution of constitutional types - from 8 to 15 years, the number of children of the muscular type increases. In most cases, the constitutional type does not change with age. In the pubertal period of ontogenesis, a temporary transition from one type of constitution to another is possible. As a rule, the types that are located in the so-called transition zone are displaced, the transition from one extreme variant to another is impossible. In recent years, the distribution of constitutional types has changed: the number of boys with a muscular type of constitution has sharply decreased and increased with a digestive one. The final formation of the muscular type of constitution occurs from the period of puberty, thoracic - from 10-13 years, asthenoid - from 10 years.

The development of the skeleton, muscle component and subcutaneous fat is the main indicator that determines the morphological constitution. The muscle and fat components are influenced by environmental factors. The most significant of them are physical culture and sports.

Each constitutional type has its own average statistical values, that is, the norm is individual (individual-typological).

As one of the significant features in determining the constitutional type, V. G. Shtefko and A. D. Ostrovsky also used the ratio of the three parts of the face.

All constitutional types differ significantly from each other in zygomatic diameter. In children of various constitutional types, regardless of gender, the largest zygomatic diameter is of the digestive type, and the smallest is of the asthenoid type. Similar constitutional features in terms of mandibular diameter. Therefore, when determining the type of constitution, the zygomatic and mandibular diameters can be used (Fig. 9.6).

Constitutional types according to W. G. Sheldon

The basis of the teachings of the American W. G. Sheldon about somatotypes is the theory of the existence of not discrete (separate) types, but continuously distributed “components” of the physique. W. G. Sheldon identified three extreme body types, in which he took into account the fat, muscle and bone components. The components are called endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic, and are evaluated on a scale from 1 to 7 points. A set of three digits is a person's somatotype.

The extreme version of the endomorphic component (7-1-1) is characterized by spherical shapes: a round head, a large belly, weak, flaccid arms and legs with a lot of fat on the shoulders and hips. All anteroposterior dimensions of the body, including the chest and pelvis, prevail over the transverse ones. Obesity is characteristic of this constitution.

The extreme version of the mesomorphic component (1-7-1) is the "classic Hercules" with a predominance of bones and muscles. He has a massive cubic head, broad shoulders and chest, muscular arms and legs. The amount of subcutaneous fat is minimal, the anteroposterior dimensions are small.

The extreme version of ectomorphy (1-1-7) is a lanky person who has a thin, elongated face, a narrow chest and a thin stomach, thin long arms and legs. The subcutaneous fat layer is almost absent, the muscles are not developed, but in relation to the overall size, the surface of the skin is large and the nervous system is well developed.

Classification of constitutional types according to functional features

One of the indicators characterizing the constitutional features of the organism is the type of adaptive reaction of the neuromuscular apparatus, which reflects the adaptation of the organism to various conditions. Muscular performance depends on the structure of skeletal muscles. There are two types of muscle fibers: red - slow, resistant to fatigue, provide long-term work of moderate intensity; white - fast, fatigued, provide short-term, explosive, speed-strength work. The ratio of these two types of muscle fibers in the skeletal muscles is genetically determined and does not change throughout life, however, exercises can affect the change in the properties of muscle fibers and their level of fitness. Thus, each person is predisposed to performing physical work of varying power and duration, that is, all people can be divided into stayers and sprinters according to the ratio of muscle fibers, and an intermediate group can also be distinguished - these are those who have relative equality of white and red muscle fibers .

Manifestations of this constitutional feature are noted even among representatives of the same ethnic group. If we compare the national records of some African countries in the sprint and in the marathon, it turns out that countries such as Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon are stronger in the sprint; Ethiopia, Djibouti, Tanzania, Kenya, Morocco, Algeria - in the marathon. The body is designed in such a way that it is impossible to be a good sprinter and marathon runner at the same time.

To assess the maximum muscular endurance, the index of static endurance of the hand is used, which is determined during the load on the dynamometer. The load is equal to 75% of the maximum muscle effort. In relation to the indicator of maximum muscle strength, determined by a standard carpal dynamometer (in kg), to maximum muscle endurance (in s), the constitutional types of stayer-sprinter are judged. A coefficient less than 1 indicates a predominance of endurance (stayer type), more than 2 - a predominance of strength (sprinter type). Persons with indicators from 1 to 1.5 belong to stayers, from 1.5 to 2 - to sprinters.

Men gravitate towards the constitutional type of a sprinter, and women are more characteristic of endurance qualities.

The method of typological assessment of the adaptive reaction of the neuromuscular apparatus "stayer - sprinter" is quite informative in determining a person's predisposition to perform physical work of a particular power and duration.

Individual characteristics of the child - what is it? What properties do they have? We will try to cover this topic

The individuality of a person, including a child, can be determined by how he looks, what manner of communication he has. It also includes the range of interests, knowledge gained, existing or acquired abilities and habits, and many other features. Individual features also include such cognitive processes as thinking, perception, memory, attention and imagination.

Each child has its own individual properties and qualities (there are no similar children in the world). They largely determine the development of the individual. One of the most important factors for their formation is the social environment. Therefore, the individual characteristics of the child largely depend on the upbringing of the parents, on what principles they adhere to, what lifestyle they lead. This applies to preschool children. Their differences appear from the first months of life.

Individual developmental characteristics of children are inextricably linked with their age. The preschool period covers the period from one to six or seven years. Each time period is characterized by certain features:

• abilities are formed;
• temperament is manifested;
• interests.

Before the school period, parents should create optimal conditions for the development of the child.

Temperament affects the behavior of children (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). The individual characteristics of preschool children include certain of its properties:

• Activity is the intensity with which motor and mental activity is manifested. It comes in low, medium and high levels.
• Attitude to the new, manifested in the reactions of the baby, for example, when meeting with previously unfamiliar situations, objects, phenomena. A child can perceive everything new indifferently, negatively or positively.
• Decreased, good or elevated mood.
• Emotional sensitivity: low, medium, high.
• Flexibility is a property that reflects the ability of children to quickly adapt, change goals, opinions.
• Mindfulness is a property that reflects the ability to focus on something.

Temperament changes over time, but many of the characteristics that appear in children under one to three years of age persist throughout life.

Character is the result of education. It is acquired by children in the process of interaction with the environment. Starting from an early age, it is formed throughout almost the entire life, largely depends on the manner of relationships that are present in the family.

The individual development of the child has another important aspect - the area of ​​interest. It is believed that the behavioral reactions of children are largely dictated by their desires and goals, which are formed on the basis of interests. The latter, in turn, to some extent depend on the abilities of the child. Parents also have a rather significant impact on them, who demonstrate personal preferences in everyday life, encouraging the baby in specific activities.

In the process of development of individual characteristics, events, processes, objects, people acquire a certain value from the child. The “indefinite” group includes those aspects that do not cause any emotions or interest, the “rejected” group includes those aspects that are unpleasant and undesirable. Valuable are those moments that are pleasant to the child and cause him positive emotions.

Typological features of the higher nervous activity of the child. N.I. Krasnogorsky, studying the GNI of a child on the basis of strength, balance, mobility of nervous processes, the relationship of the cortex and subcortical formations, the relationship between signal systems, identified 4 types of nervous activity in childhood.

• 1. Strong, balanced, optimally excitable, fast type. It is characterized by the rapid formation of strong conditioned reflexes. Children of this type have a well-developed speech with a rich vocabulary.
• 2. Strong, balanced, slow type. In children of this type, conditioned connections are formed more slowly and their strength is less. Children of this type quickly learn to speak, only their speech is somewhat slow. Active and racks when performing complex tasks.
• 3. Strong, unbalanced, hyperexcitable, unrestrained type. Conditioned reflexes in such children quickly fade away. Children of this type are characterized by high emotional excitability, irascibility. Their speech is fast with occasional shouts.
• 4. Weak type with reduced excitability. Conditioned reflexes are formed slowly, unstable, speech is often slow. Children of this type do not tolerate strong and prolonged irritations, they easily get tired.

Significant differences in the basic properties of nervous processes in children belonging to different types, determine their different functional capabilities in the process of training and education, but the plasticity of the cells of the cerebral cortex, their adaptability to changing environmental conditions is the morphofunctional basis for the transformation of the GNI type. As plasticity of nerve structures is especially great during the period of their intensive development, pedagogical influences, correcting typological features especially important for children.

Lower and higher nervous activity of the child are formed as a result of the morphofunctional maturation of the entire nervous apparatus. The nervous system, and with it the higher nervous activity in children and adolescents, reaches the level of an adult by about 20 years of age. The whole complex process of human GNI development is determined both by heredity and by many other biological and social environmental factors. The latter acquire a leading role in the postnatal period, therefore, the main responsibility for the development of a person's intellectual capabilities falls on the family and educational institutions.

GNI of a child from birth to 7 years. A child is born with a set of unconditioned reflexes, the reflex arcs of which begin to form on the 3rd month of intrauterine development. Then the first sucking and respiratory movements appear in the fetus, and the active movement of the fetus is observed at the 4-5th month. By the time of birth the child develops most of the innate reflexes that provide him with the normal functioning of the vegetative sphere.

The possibility of simple food conditioned reactions arises already on 1-2 days a by the end of the first month of development, conditioned reflexes are formed from the motor analyzer and the vestibular apparatus.

From the 2nd month of life auditory, visual and tactile reflexes are formed, and by the 5th month of development, the child develops all the main types of conditioned inhibition. Of great importance in improving conditioned reflex activity is the education of the child. The earlier training is started, i.e., the development of conditioned reflexes, the faster their formation subsequently proceeds.

By the end of the 1st year of development the child relatively well distinguishes the taste of food, smells, the shape and color of objects, distinguishes voices and faces. Significantly improved movement, some children begin to walk. The child tries to pronounce individual words, and he develops conditioned reflexes to verbal stimuli. Consequently, already at the end of the first year, the development of the second signaling system is in full swing and its joint activity with the first is being formed.

In the 2nd year of development the child improves all types of conditioned reflex activity, and the formation of the second signal system continues, the vocabulary increases significantly; stimuli or their complexes begin to cause verbal reactions. Already in a two-year-old child, words acquire a signal meaning.

2nd and 3rd year of life distinguished by lively orienting and research activities. This age of the child is characterized by the "objective" nature of thinking, that is, the decisive importance of muscular sensations. This feature is largely associated with the morphological maturation of the brain, since many motor cortical zones and zones of skin-muscle sensitivity already reach a sufficiently high functional usefulness by the age of 1-2 years. The main factor stimulating the maturation of these cortical zones are muscle contractions and high physical activity of the child.

Period up to 3 years It is also characterized by the ease of formation of conditioned reflexes to a variety of stimuli. A notable feature of a 2-3-year-old child is the ease of developing dynamic stereotypes - sequential chains of conditioned reflex acts that are carried out in a strictly defined order fixed in time. A dynamic stereotype is a consequence of a complex systemic reaction of the body to a complex of conditioned stimuli (a conditioned reflex to time - eating, sleeping time, etc.).

Age from 3 to 5 years is characterized by the further development of speech and the improvement of nervous processes (their strength, mobility and balance increase), the processes of internal inhibition acquire a dominant role, but delayed inhibition and a conditioned brake are developed with difficulty.

To 5-7 years old the role of the signal system of words increases even more and children begin to speak freely. This is due to the fact that only by the age of seven postnatal development does the material substrate of the second signaling system, the cerebral cortex, functionally mature.

GNI of children aged 7 to 18 . Junior school age (from 7 to 12 years old) - a period of relatively “calm” development of GNI. The strength of the processes of inhibition and excitation, their mobility, balance, and mutual induction, as well as the reduction in the strength of external inhibition, provide opportunities for the child to learn widely.

But only when teaching writing and reading, the word becomes the subject of the child's consciousness, moving further and further away from the images, objects and actions associated with it. A slight deterioration in the processes of GNI is observed only in the 1st grade due to the processes of adaptation to school.

Of particular importance to educators is teenage(from 11-12 to 15-17 years old) period. At this time, the balance of nervous processes is disturbed, excitation acquires greater strength, the increase in the mobility of nervous processes slows down, and the differentiation of conditioned stimuli worsens significantly. The activity of the cortex is weakened, and at the same time the second signaling system. All functional changes lead to mental imbalance and conflict in a teenager.

senior school age (15-18 years) coincides with the final morphological and functional maturation of all body systems. The role of cortical processes in the regulation of mental activity and the functions of the second signaling system is increasing.

All properties of nervous processes reach the level of an adult, i.e., the GNI of older schoolchildren becomes orderly and harmonious. Thus, for the normal development of GNI at each individual stage of ontogenesis, it is necessary to create optimal conditions.

Under the individual typological features of the development of the child, we mean the uneven formation of higher mental functions (HMF): regulatory, gnostic, right and left hemisphere functions. Under the individual typological features of the development of the child, we mean the uneven formation of higher mental functions (HMF): regulatory, gnostic, right and left hemisphere functions. Neuropsychological research methods make it possible to identify both "strong" and "weak" sides in the development of mental functions in each child, as well as to determine the individual typological characteristics of children. The study of individual typological characteristics of preschoolers contributes to the organization of a differentiated approach in the context of the transition of modern pedagogy to student-centered education and upbringing.

Interhemispheric asymmetry and interhemispheric interaction are among the most important fundamental patterns of brain function. They characterize the integrative features of the brain as a single system, a single brain substrate of mental processes (Bragina N.N., Dobrokhotova T.A., 1988; Simernitskaya E.G., 1985; Khomskaya E.D., 2005). Gnostic functions are expressed in the work of the block for receiving, processing and storing information. Block of programming, regulation and control of activity

Neuro-psychological features Negative (vision of the world is emotionally gloomy). Positive (euphoric vision of the world). 6. Emotions Visual-figurative (practical, effective), intuitive; convergent. Verbal, formal-logical, analytical; divergent. 5. Thinking Tracking moving objects. Reading, writing, counting. 4. Performed operations Figurative; recognition of faces, intonations. Based on verbal information. 3. Memory Parallel (simultaneous). Works like an analog system. Consistent. Works like a digital word system. 2. Information processing method Synthetic (seeing similarities and similarities); simultaneous (simultaneous, gestalt); concrete; non-verbal information (including music); spatial relationships; emotional stimuli; unpleasant, terrible; information is continuous. Unimodal (vision is abstract); analytical;; verbal information; temporary relationships; symbols; pleasant, funny; information is discrete. 1. Perception Right hemisphere Left hemisphere Mental functions

Gender Features Emotions are directed to the external plane, they are spoken out, lived repeatedly with the inclusion of loved ones, trusted persons, for a long time, during which adaptation to the negative takes place. Emotions are strong, but short, experienced in the internal structure, without external manifestation - they reacted and rush to act. 6. Emotions Thinking is more pragmatic and concrete. Thinking is focused on obtaining the desired result. By the age of 13, spatial thinking is formed. Thinking is more creative, with search activity. Thinking is aimed at identifying patterns and non-standard solutions. At the age of 6, spatial thinking was formed. 5. Thinking Counting, manipulations with numbers and formulas. Mental manipulations with geometric shapes. 4. Operations performed Rely on rote memorization. They remember everything that they themselves “discovered” and explored. 3. Memory According to the template, standard, stereotyped. In the system of search and research. 2. Information processing method More sensitive to noise. They rely on near vision, they are comfortable in a limited space. Perception of symbols. Perception of emotional relationships. Hearing acuity is on average higher than in girls. For them, the perspective of space is important. Perception of space. Perceive information, its content, novelty and type of presentation. 1. Perception Girls Boys Mental functions

Archetypes - symbols Boys: Symbols of freedom and travel: sun, window, wind, month, moon, bridges, horizon, space flights, travel paraphernalia: wheels, plane, bicycle, car, boat, rocket, etc. Symbols of freedom and travel: sun, window, wind, month, moon, bridges, horizon, space flights, travel paraphernalia: wheels, plane, bicycle, car, boat, rocket, etc. Symbols of strength, power and will: tractor, crane, whale, rod, train, ... Symbols of strength, power and will: tractor, crane, whale, rod, train, ... Symbols of the enemy: terrible dragons, snakes, robots; Enemy symbols: scary dragons, snakes, robots; Symbols of perseverance: triangle, square, tall tree, house; Symbols of perseverance: triangle, square, tall tree, house; Symbols of struggle: sword, spear, bow, arrows, helmet, shield, fortress; Symbols of struggle: sword, spear, bow, arrows, helmet, shield, fortress; Symbols of victory: flag, horn, bell, cheers. Symbols of victory: flag, horn, bell, cheers.

Girls: Symbols of the guardian and resurrection of life: egg, chicks, cradle; Symbols of the guardian and resurrection of life: egg, chicks, cradle; Symbols of spiritual motherhood: dolls, cradles, brides, carriages; Symbols of spiritual motherhood: dolls, cradles, brides, carriages; Symbols of femininity (tenderness, grace, lightness): balloons, fluttering birds, chickens, decorated princesses - brides, outfits; Symbols of femininity (tenderness, grace, lightness): balloons, fluttering birds, chickens, decorated princesses - brides, outfits; Symbols of female beauty: flowers, hats, glasses, brooches, bright lips, eyes; Symbols of female beauty: flowers, hats, glasses, brooches, bright lips, eyes; Symbols of the hearth and home comfort: house, table, curtains, service, bed, stove, bathroom; Symbols of the hearth and home comfort: house, table, curtains, service, bed, stove, bathroom; Symbols of prosperity in the house: berries, fruits, vegetables, mushrooms. Symbols of prosperity in the house: berries, fruits, vegetables, mushrooms.

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