Developmental psychology studies facts and patterns mental development healthy person. Traditionally, it is customary to divide its life cycle into the following periods:

1. prenatal (intrauterine);
2. childhood;
3. adolescence;
4. maturity (adult state);
5. advanced age, old age.

In turn, each of the periods consists of several stages that have a number of characteristic features.

All these stages have their own specifics associated with the level of physiological functioning, the degree of mental development of a person, his psychological qualities and prevailing desires, prevailing forms of behavior and activity.

prenatal period divided into 3 stages:

• pre-embryonic;
• germinal(embryonic);
• fetal stage.

The first stage lasts 2 weeks and corresponds to the development of a fertilized egg until it is embedded in the wall of the uterus and the umbilical cord is formed. The second - from the beginning of the third week after fertilization until the end of the second month of development. At this stage, anatomical and physiological differentiation of various organs occurs. The third begins from the third month of development and ends by the time of birth. At this time, the formation of body systems that allow it to survive after birth takes place. The fetus acquires the ability to survive in the air at the beginning of the seventh month, and from that time it is already called a child.

Childhood period includes stages:

• birth and infancy(from birth to 1 year);
• early childhood(or "first childhood" - from 1 year to 3 years) - the period of development of functional independence and speech;
• before school age (or "second childhood" - from 3 to 6 years), is characterized by the development of the child's personality and cognitive processes;
• primary school age(or "third childhood" - from 6 to 11-12 years old) corresponds to the inclusion of the child in a social group and the development of intellectual skills and knowledge.

Adolescence is divided into two periods:

• teenage (or puberty);
• youthful (juvenile).

The first period corresponds to puberty and lasts from 11-12 to 14-15 years. At this time, under the influence of constitutional changes, a new idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthemselves is formed in a teenager. The second period lasts from 16 to 20-23 years and represents the transition to maturity. From a biological point of view, the young man is already an adult, but has not yet reached social maturity: youth is characterized by a feeling of psychological independence, although a person has not yet assumed any social obligations. Youth acts as a period of making responsible decisions that determine the entire future life of a person: the choice of a profession and one's place in life, the search for the meaning of life, the formation of one's worldview and self-awareness, and the choice of a life partner.

During the transition from one age stage to another, critical periods, or crises, are distinguished, when the former form of a person’s relationship with the outside world is destroyed and a new one is formed, which is accompanied by significant psychological difficulties for the person himself and his social environment. Allocate small crises(crisis of the first year, crisis of 7 years, crisis of 17/18 years) and big crises(birth crisis, 3 years, teen crisis 13-14 years old). In the case of the latter, the relationship between the child and society is rebuilt. Minor crises are outwardly calmer, they are associated with an increase in the skills and independence of a person. During periods of the critical phase, children are difficult to educate, stubborn, show negativism, obstinacy, and disobedience.

Maturity. It is divided into a number of stages and crises. Stage early maturity, or youth(from 20-23 to 30-33 years old), corresponds to the entry of a person into an intense personal life and professional activity. This is the period of "becoming", self-assertion in love, sex, career, family, society.

In mature years, their crisis periods stand out. One of them is the crisis of 33-35 years, when, having reached a certain social and family status, a person begins to think with anxiety: “Is this all that life can give me? Is there really nothing better? And some begin to frantically change jobs, spouses, places of residence, hobbies, etc. Then comes short stabilization period from 35 to 40-43 years old, when a person consolidates everything that he has achieved, is confident in his professional skills, authority, has an acceptable level of career success and material prosperity, his health, marital status and sexual relations are normalized.

After a period of stability comes critical decade 45-55 years. A person begins to feel the approach of middle age: health is deteriorating, signs of loss of beauty and physical fitness appear, alienation sets in in the family and in relationships with grown-up children, there comes a fear that you will not get anything better either in life, or in a career, or in love. As a result of this, there is a feeling of fatigue from reality, depressive moods, from which a person hides either in dreams of new love victories, or in real attempts to “prove his youth” in love affairs, or a career takes off. The final period of maturity lasts from 55 to 65 years. This is a period of physiological and psychological balance, a decrease in sexual tension, a gradual withdrawal of a person from active labor and social life. The age from 65 to 75 is referred to as the first old age. After 75 years, age is considered advanced: a person rethinks his whole life, realizes his Self in spiritual thoughts about the years he has lived - and either accepts his life as a unique destiny that does not need to be redone, or understands that life was in vain.

AT old age(old age) a person has to overcome three sub-crises. The first of them is a reassessment of one's self, which is not related to the professional role, which for many people remains the main one until retirement. The second sub-crisis is associated with the awareness of the deterioration of health and aging of the body, which makes it possible for a person to develop the necessary indifference to this.

As a result of the third sub-crisis, self-concern disappears, and now one can accept the thought of death without horror.

Faced with its inevitability, a person goes through a series of stages. The first of them - denial. The thought “No, not me!” - the usual and normal reaction of a person to the announcement of a fatal diagnosis. Then comes the stage of anger. It embraces the patient when asked “Why me?”, pours out on other people who care about this person and, in general, on any healthy person. For this stage to come to an end, the dying person must pour out his feelings.

Next stage - "bargaining". The patient is trying to prolong his life, promising to be an obedient patient or an exemplary believer, trying to prolong his life with the help of medical achievements and repentance before God for his sins and mistakes.

All these three phases constitute a period of crisis and develop in the order described, there are returns to the previous stage.

After the resolution of this crisis, the dying person enters the stage depression. He realizes: "Yes, this time it is I who will die." He withdraws into himself, often feels the need to cry at the thought of those whom he is forced to leave. This is the stage of preparatory sadness, in which the dying person renounces life and prepares to meet death, accepting it as his last life stage. He is further and further separated from living people, withdrawing into himself, - the state “ social death”(from society, from people, a person has already moved away, as if he died in a social sense).

Fifth stage - "acceptance of death". A person realizes and agrees, resigns himself to the inevitability of imminent death and humbly awaits his end. This state "mental death"(Psychologically, a person has already, as it were, abandoned life). clinical death occurs from the moment the heart stops working and breathing stops, but within 10-20 minutes it is still possible to bring a person back to life with medical efforts.

Brain death means the complete cessation of brain activity and its control over various body functions, resulting in the death of brain cells. Physiological death corresponds to the extinction of the last functions of the body and the death of all its cells. According to some religious views and the opinion of a number of scientists, with the death of the body, the soul, the human psyche, does not die. There is a hypothesis that it continues to exist in the form of an information clot after the death of a person and connects with the global information field. The traditional materialistic understanding denies the possibility of preserving the soul, the psyche of a person after his death, although the latest studies of physicists, doctors, and psychologists are no longer so categorical.

Subject: manufacturing Christmas decorations from waste material. Purpose: Making a toy using waste material.

Tasks:

Educational: To teach how to work with waste material;

Developing: to promote the formation of knowledge about the norms and rules of behavior in nature, to develop Creative skills, artistic, aesthetic taste, creative thinking, fine motor skills;

Educational: to cultivate diligence, accuracy, the desire to create useful things with your own hands.

Health saving: strengthen the small muscles of the fingers

Preliminary work: consideration of various works from junk material. Equipment: plastic bottle, braid, scissors, self-adhesive film, Kinder surprise capsule.

Lesson progress

Introduction- Hello dear guests.

Children stand in a circle, holding hands say:

The sun woke up in the sky
We guys smiled.
We close our eyes quietly
We raise our hands to the sky.
Take the rays of the sun
And let's take it to the heart.

What day of the week is today? (Wednesday)

What do we do on Wednesdays? (labor)

But what are we going to do?

Main part

Knock on the door. “Sorry kids, someone is knocking on our door. What's this? We were given some strange bag, and with it a letter.

Let's read. “Hello dear guys! We are turning to you: Uncle Fyodor, the cat Matroskin, and the dog Sharik. Recently we went to the forest to look for a treasure, and found this bag. Please help us, we don't know what to do with it, where to put it all. With respect to you, the heroes of the cartoon "Prostokvashino".

Let's see what's there. (the bag contains waste material: plastic bottles, boxes, napkins, cans, etc.)

Who could have left this in the forest? (people on vacation)

What do you do with the garbage you collect?

And why do you need to remove garbage from the forest? (This litters nature, harms it, there will be a lot of landfills)

– That's right, guys, there will be a lot of landfills, our cities and villages will turn into a garbage container. Did you know that the paper you throw away will lie for more than 2 years, a tin can for 30 years, a plastic bag for more than 200 years, and glass for 1000 years.

What else can be done with this garbage? (crafts)

Correct crafts, but not simple crafts we will do with you christmas toys, because soon New Year, and our Christmas tree should be the most beautiful.
Now you have to solve the riddle

Bears, cubes, cars

And the designers are big

And balls and trinkets

These are all mine ... (toys)

What is the topic of our lesson?

Why do we need to be able to make toys? (play, give)

Correctly. Well done! Today we will learn how to make just such a toy (I show a toy, I suggest playing with it). It's called "Happy Frog".

Of course, you can buy a toy, but it's better to make it yourself. After all, we are able to work with many materials (with paper, fabric, natural material). And today we will work with waste material

Do you want to make such a toy?

Then tell me what you need to make it? (children list: plastic bottle, ribbon, ball, self-adhesive film)

– And what tools during work will be useful to us? (scissors)

- Let's remember the rules of TB with scissors:

1. Pass rings forward

2. Do not hold scissors with the tip up

3. Cut material in plain sight.

Collect the proverb and explain its meaning

Work feeds, and laziness spoils.

Measure a hundred times, cut once.

It is not the face that makes a person, but work

Correctly. Now consider technological map(algorithm) of doing the work and tell what you will do first, then, then and finally.

1. First in take a plastic bottle, cut off the top;

2. Then we take colored pieces of self-adhesive film, apply the prepared flower patterns, circle with a pencil and cut out;

3. Then in glue the cut flowers to the toy blank.

4. Unscrew the cover from plastic bottle, attach the braid and twist the lid. We fix the second end of the braid in the container from the Kinder Surprise.

5. Finally, our toy is ready.

I encourage the children to get to work. I remind you that we are working on an algorithm. I help those who are in difficulty.

At the end of the lesson, I ask you to put your workspaces in order.

Here is the end of the job
We need to clear everything in time.
Pick up trash quickly
And put things in order.

Final part

-Take your "Funny Frog", look how beautiful they are.

– So our lesson has come to an end, let's remember what we talked about in class, how did you make this toy?

-What interesting things did you find out?

– What was difficult in the work?

– What did you like and what did you not like?

What will you do with these toys? (give to first graders )

– You guys were active, attentive and quick-witted today. Thank you for your good work.

I would like to end with these words:

Come visit us again
We are always glad to have guests.
It's time for parting.
Goodbye! Goodbye!

Month: December

Theme of the day:"Hello Winter"

Target: tell the children about winter signs, about the fact that winter is a lot of fun. There are many holidays in winter.
Educational areas:

social and communicative development;

· cognitive development;

Speech development;

artistic and aesthetic development;

· physical development.

Plan - summary of labor activity

Age group: 2 youngest

Topic:"Let's help Masha get ready for a walk"

Target: help children remember the names of items of winter clothing, the sequence of dressing;
Tasks:

Educational: consolidate children's knowledge: about clothes; sequence of actions when dressing;
Developing: develop attention, speech; recall the poem by S. Kaputikyan “Masha put on a mitten”; learn to classify and group objects by color.
Educational: cultivate respect for clothing.

Health saving: strengthen the small muscles of the fingers.
Preliminary work: takes part in game situation"Dressing the doll", actively answers the teacher's questions, takes part in the game "Colorful clothes".
Equipment: dolls, puppet winter clothes, children's mittens, hats, scarves and mittens for dolls in three colors.

Course of the lesson: Introductory part

Doll Masha comes to visit the children.

Educator. Look who came to visit us! Let's get acquainted, her name is Masha.

Main part.

Educator. Masha wants to invite you for a walk. Do you agree? But it seems to me that the Masha doll is dressed completely out of season! (The doll is wearing a dress and shoes). Masha, do you know what season it is now? (Turns to the doll). What about you guys? What season is it now? That's right, winter. And why? Sure enough, it got cold outside and it snowed.

A person from birth to death goes through different age periods.

There are several popular scientific approaches considering this issue from a social and pedagogical point of view.

concept

Age periodization- This is a classification of the level of development of a person depending on his age, starting from the moment of birth and ending with death.

This indicator has not only social, psychological, but also legal significance.

So, at a certain age comes criminal liability, the right to represent one's interests, the right to vote, the right to receive a pension, etc. appears.

Each stage of a person's life has its own characteristics, problems and priorities. Each segment of life corresponds to a certain level of socialization, a specific mental state.

Periodization of mental development

mental development- this is the state of a person by which one can judge the level of maturity of his personality from a psychological point of view. Psychological age consists of the following components:

In reality, individual components psychological age of a person may not coincide at all with each other and with the real biological age.

Classification by years

General classification by years in the table:

Principles and approaches

The classification is based on the assessment of the following indicators:

The basis of periodization is determination of the real age of a person which has the above features.

At the same time, an additional analysis of the mental, biological state allows a more individual approach to assessing the personality.

Elkonin

D.B. Elkonin was inclined to believe that age gradation is of great scientific importance. Building a competent classification allows you to determine the driving forces of human development at each stage of his life.

The resulting knowledge contributes to the formation of the most complete pedagogical system, development effective rules education of the next generation.

The scholar emphasized early stages human life, when the basic system of values ​​is laid and the worldview is formed. Standard age phases Elkonin divided into periods:

Each period is evaluated on four indicators:

• social impact- the influence of society on the formation of the child's personality;
• leading activity- the type of activity that has a priority effect on the mental state;
• a crisis- a negative period within each phase that must be overcome in order to move to the next level.
• neoplasms- knowledge, skills and abilities that have appeared at a new stage.

Erickson

E. Erickson identified 8 stages of personality development, each of which corresponds specific task.

According to the scientist, at each stage, when a person achieves a task, priority strengths and weaknesses appear.

Vygotsky

L.S. Vygotsky paid special attention to childhood, because he believed that understanding the specifics of each stage of a child's development gives parents the opportunity to correct their behavior and better understand the child.

Periods allocated by Vygotsky:

Vygotsky and his periodization of the development of the psyche:

Freud

Z. Freud believed that human behavior is the result of the work of his unconscious. The main driving force is sexual energy.

The scientist identified the following stages in the development of sexuality:

Periodization issues

Not always the actual age of a person coincides with the level of his mental development, with the degree of socialization.

Most of the outlined boundaries can shift in any direction, taking into account the characteristics of a particular individual. The most vague boundaries periodization in relation to adolescence.

In any case, one period gives way to another, when qualities and properties appear that were not there before.

Transition to the next stage of development and attitude automatically signifies a change in life.

Thus, at each stage of life, a person is characterized by certain features emotional, mental, intellectual development.

The issue of age periodization worried many famous scientists and continues to arouse interest in modern science.

The Russian classification of the population by age provides for the distribution of the population into the following groups:

from 1 day to 7 days - newborns;

from 7 days to 1 year - babies;

from 1 year to 3 years - early childhood;

from 4 years to 7 years - the first childhood;

from 8 years to 12 years (boys) and

from 8 years to 11 years (girls) - the second childhood;

13 to 16 years old (boys) and

from 12 years to 15 years (girls) - adolescents;

from 17 years to 21 years old - boys;

from 16 to 20 years old - girls;

from 22 years to 35 years (men) and

from 21 to 35 years (women) - I period of maturity;

from 36 years to 60 years (men) and

from 36 years to 55 years (women) - II period of maturity;

61 to 74 years (men) and

from 56 years to 74 years (women) - the elderly;

75 to 90 years old people;

over 90 years old - centenarians.

3. Age contingent.

Age group - a group of persons united by two characteristics: age and some socio-economic or other characteristic.

In Russia, there are the following age groups :

one). Nursery (from 0 to 2 years).

2). Preschool (from 3 to 6 years).

3). School (from 7 to 15 years).

four). Able-bodied (from 16 to 59 years old - men; from 16 to 54 years old - women).

5). Reproductive (childbearing) (women aged 15 to 49 years).

6). Conscription (men aged 18 to 49 years).

7). Electoral (men and women over 18).

In Russian statistics, as well as UN statistics, a special place is occupied by enlarged population groupings built on two criteria: age and ability to work. When distributing the population into one of the three enlarged groups, the following evaluation criteria are used:

one). Young disabled population:

From 0 to 15 years - for Russia;

From 0 to 14 years - for UN countries.

2). Adult working population:

From 16 to 60 (55) years - for Russia;

From 15 to 65 years - for UN countries.

3). The elderly disabled population:

Over 60 (55) years old - for Russia;

Over 65 years old - for UN countries.

As these data show, the period of labor activity in the UN countries is much wider than in Russia: the population is attracted to work earlier and retires later.

3.3.4. Age accumulation

Annual groups are subject to deformation under the influence of age accumulation.

Age accumulation - a denser concentration of the population in certain age groups compared to neighboring groups.

Age accumulation is the result of distortions in information about the age composition of the population.

Reasons for distortions in data on the age composition of the population:

1. The use of a survey method in statistical observations (censuses), in which there is no documented verification of the correctness of the data.

2. The tendency of people to round numbers to "0" at the end (or "5", etc.).

3. Psychological factor: women do not want to be older, old people want to be younger, teenagers are in a hurry to be adults; therefore, when questioned, these people can deliberately reduce (or increase) their age.

There are various methods for measuring age accumulation . All of them are based on the use of indices (coefficients) that characterize the strength of age accumulation. Most common Whipple index (coefficient) , which measures age accumulation in ages ending in "0" and "5":

where
- population aged 25, 30, ..., 60 years;

- population aged 23, 24, ..., 62 years.

The lower the age accumulation, the lower the Whipple index.

Methods for reducing age accumulation:

1. Recording the date of birth of the person being rewritten, not his age.

2. Methods for smoothing protrusions and depressions in the age structure (artificial methods):

Graphic method;

moving average method

and others.

All these methods make it possible to determine the age composition that is more consistent with reality.

In general, the manifestation of age accumulation depends on the level of development of the country. In developed countries, its importance is reduced to a minimum.

Age is not only a quantitative and absolute concept. It still exists as a stage in the process of psychological and physical development. And quite a long time. From birth to death, to be exact. Dozens of years, and some - about or more than a hundred. And, accordingly, age categories and periods of life could not but form, which in many respects intersect with each other. However, this can be discussed in more detail.

Infancy

If we talk about age categories, then it is necessary to start from the earliest period. And this, of course, is infancy. Which is also divided into certain categories. The first lasts from the moment of birth until the 1st month. He is defined as weak emotional development- the child has a too “generalized” state. And the baby himself requires the constant participation of parents in every process of his life.

2nd period - from two to three months. It is characterized by a more developed emotional system. You can see that the baby already knows how to get upset and smile at familiar people, even focus on the face.

The next period lasts from 4 to 6 months. The child already has a more or less strengthened emotional and sensory system. He recognizes people who are constantly near him, distinguishes acquaintances from strangers, knows how to determine the direction from which sounds come.

In the period from 7 months to 1.5 years, the child undergoes the formation and training of motor abilities. When his age exceeds the mark of 2 years, the time of increased physical activity begins. And the child himself moves to another age category.

Childhood

This is quite a long period. Which is divided into several more. For early childhood (from 1 to 3 years) and (from 3 to 7). The first category is often called the nursery. This is a conditional division, which is associated mainly with social reasons. The child who went first through the nursery, and then through Kindergarten, does not experience further difficulties with fitting into a new team (class at school).

If we talk about age categories, then such a cell as schoolchildren can be considered one of the most difficult in psychological terms. Since it is during the period of education that the personality of the child is formed and a certain “foundation” is laid, which will play its role in the future.

In addition, children belonging to the school age category are growing intensively in all plans. There are such processes as ossification of the spine and growth of the skeleton, muscle tissue grows, the nervous apparatus of the muscles finishes forming, but lung tissue, lung capacity and volume increase. And, of course, the early age categories of children are characterized functional development brain. By the age of 8-9, the child already has a firmly established

Teenage years

It also needs to be noted with attention, talking about age categories. This period is ambiguous. Girls are considered teenagers between 10 and 18 years old. Boys - from 12 to 18.

Children of this age are experiencing turning points in the development of the body, because puberty occurs. The activity of the endocrine system changes, as does the functionality of organs. Children begin to grow more intensively, an increase in body weight is observed. The production of hormones is enhanced, which is reflected in psychosocial development. ends with the end of puberty. And children move to another age category.

Youth and youth

Here plays an important role psychological aspect and not biological. And opinions differ. So, for example, psychologist E. Erickson believes that youth lasts from 13 to 19 years old, after which youth sets in, which lasts until the age of 35. During this period, the person begins to “ripen”, realize himself and, as a rule, enter into relationships.

But if we turn to the classification of the APN of the USSR, defined in 1965, then after adolescence follows But for girls it starts at 16 and ends at 20, and for guys it lasts from 17 to 21.

If we talk about the biological component, then in people of this age category, the final completion of physical development is observed. But only in guys the body does not yet reach the strength and strength characteristic of an adult man. The same applies to girls. Figure young ladies clearly different from those possessed by women who have gone through childbirth. And in biological terms, the concept of youth is conditional for this very reason. A person may be 19 years old, and, in fact, psychologically she is considered a girl. But if she gave birth to a child, then her body loses its youth. And call her objectively a woman, not a girl.

Average age

Or, as it is commonly called, maturity. Talking about the age categories of people by year, it cannot be ignored. It is believed that this is the longest period. Traditionally, it lasts from 21 to 60 years for men, and from 20 to 55 for women.

The table of age categories shows that it is divided into two periods. The first - from 21-20 to 35. It is characterized by stable functioning of the body. After 35, the average person begins neuroendocrine restructuring. Basic physiological indicators are slowly but progressively decreasing. Perhaps the appearance of primary signs of diseases that usually overcome older people. But if a person is healthy, leads the right way of life, then all this can be postponed for an indefinite period. Again, the age categories of people are one thing, but how they manage their health is quite another. At 20, you can look 35, and vice versa. For some "persons" and at 25, the kidneys fail.

Maturity specifics

Specialists studying the age categories of the population managed to find out a lot of interesting and useful data. For example, human mortality from malignant tumors has tripled over the past 60 years.

And due to the fact that by the second period of maturity, a person increasingly begins to feel tired from constant work and the same lifestyle, they begin to appear various shapes pathology. These are injuries (domestic and industrial), tumors, cardiovascular diseases. Largely due to the fact that a person ceases to critically evaluate himself - it seems to him that he is as young and full of energy as he was at 25. But if he is 50, then he can no longer do anything the way he does. dealt with it 20 years ago.

And cardiovascular disease is a sad topic at all. They arise due to the fact that constantly accompanies modern man in life: stress, nervous tension, depression, malnutrition, lack of physical activity, smoking, alcohol. In addition to this, during the period of middle age, additional mental stresses are added, which appear for personal and family reasons.

Retirement age

It is entered by men and women who are 60 and 55 years old respectively. Signs of aging are growing: the structure of the hair and skin is changing, the gait becomes different, the shape of the figure is changing. Retirement age accompanied by a decrease in the mass of the heart and its frequency contractions. Blood vessels lose elasticity, a certain amount of blood is also lost. The respiratory system also changes. Rib cage due to changes in the tendons and ossification of the ribs, it ceases to be as mobile as before. And the lungs, respectively, cannot cope with their task as before "briskly".

But, of course, it also depends on physiology. People can look great and feel great both at 65 and at 70. Again, lifestyle matters and how “tired” a person has been during his existence. The age categories of people by year is one thing. But the way they feel psychologically is completely different.

eldership

This is the last period of life, it is allocated conditionally. It usually lasts from 75 to 90-100 years. But this is in our time. In general, age periodization is a strange and controversial topic, especially if it concerns people who are “over 35”.

Recall, at least, the end of the XIX century. Then people of 45-50 years old were considered to be deep old people, who should have retired already! And this is really inspiring in our time. It turns out that old age gradually “recedes”, and the duration of young ages increases as a result.