Fedorova T.N. one

1 Branch of the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University in Tobolsk

1. Zheleznyak Yu.D. Methods of teaching physical culture. Textbook for students of institutions of higher professional education. M.: Academy, 2013. 275 p.

2. Kuznetsov V.S. Theory and methodology physical education. M.: Academy, 2013. 341 p.

The growing pace of professional and domestic life requires a large amount of physical activity, a high level of professional fitness and health. And therefore, today, great importance should be given to the formation of professional qualities, increasing the resistance of the human body to various occupational diseases with the help of physical education, in particular, this applies to professionally applied physical training. In this paper, the professions of a technical profile are considered - engineers in the oil and gas industry and managers in the financial field. But issues related to the use of physical exercises to increase the body's resistance to the influence of diseases specific to these professions that arise in the process of their labor activity, currently still not fully reflected in practice physical education students of the specified profile and require special study. This may be due both to the insufficient material and technical base of the educational institution, and sometimes to the superficial knowledge of the physical education teachers themselves in this area. But in improving the professional preparedness of bachelors of these specialties, the values ​​of both general culture and physical culture can play a significant role, because this will have a positive effect on reducing the time for social and professional adaptation of young specialists to their future work, on increasing the efficiency of professional activity and minimizing the cost of sick leave certificates of employees of enterprises.

The social significance of professionally applied physical training of students, future bachelors and specialists of the engineering profile of modern production is increasing every year, which in turn entails a significant increase in the requirements for the profession itself. In the era of scientific technical progress and high technology, which undoubtedly carries positive motives on the one hand, on the other hand, there is a decrease in the motor activity of workers in modern production. The mechanization and automation of labor processes in modern industry significantly reduces the proportion of physical labor associated with active motor activity, and this is necessary for the normal functioning of the human body.

Currently, professionally applied physical training in our country is carried out as one of the sections of the compulsory course of physical education in higher educational institutions. Professionally applied physical training in a higher professional institution is a specially directed and selective use of physical culture means to prepare for a certain professional activity, as well as a specialized pedagogical process that ensures the optimal development and improvement of mental and physical qualities, motor skills and body functions in accordance with the requirements of a particular profession.

Promoting the formation and improvement of the culture of movements in the field of professional activity, reducing fatigue in the process of work, improving the quality of labor results, as well as reducing the time to adapt to the specifics of professional activity. It is known that the effectiveness of many types of professional work significantly depends, among other things, on special physical fitness, acquired previously through systematic physical exercises, adequate in a certain respect to the requirements for the functional capabilities of the body by professional activity and its conditions. The experience of the practical use of these regularities also served to the formation of a variety of physical education - professionally applied physical training.

The need for further improvement and implementation of this type of physical training for future specialists and bachelors in the higher education system determines the time spent on mastering modern practical professions, and the achievement of professional skills in them continues to depend on the level of functional capabilities of the body, on the degree of development of the physical abilities of the individual, diversity and perfection of acquired motor skills and abilities. Despite the progressive decrease in the share of gross muscular efforts in modern production, the productivity of professional labor continues to be directly or indirectly determined by physical capacity. The problem of preventing the likely negative effects of certain types of professional labor and its conditions on the physical condition of workers remains; although this problem is solved by many means of optimizing the content and working conditions, including social, scientific, technical and hygienic ones, factors of professional and applied physical training are called upon to play an important role among them. The progress of civilization as a whole does not exempt a person from the need to constantly improve his professional abilities, and their development due to natural causes is inseparable from the physical improvement of the individual.

Obviously, each profession dictates its own level of development of mental and physical qualities, its own list of professionally applied skills and abilities. Therefore, if a person is preparing for the profession of an engineer, then he needs professionally applied physical training of one content, and the future manager needs another. These differences are reflected in the goals and objectives of the PPFP, as an independent section of the discipline "Physical Education".

The work of an electrical engineer is not always automated and is sometimes associated with significant energy costs. Since the work is done not only with electricity in special booths, but also with the ability to troubleshoot and on lighting poles, which has to be done in different, mostly bent positions. Hands pressing with great force on the handle necessary equipment, transmit possible vibration to the whole body. The presence of significant muscle tension when working in uncomfortable positions contributes to rapid fatigue. The vibration causes contraction of the peripheral blood vessels, especially those of the arms, which creates an obstruction to blood flow. The negative impact of vibration affects the activity of the central nervous system and on vestibular apparatus. Symptoms of motion sickness appear: pallor, feeling unwell, sometimes nausea. The adverse effect is significantly reduced by physical exercises, special technical means and proper organization of work. In this case, with their help, the following tasks should be solved: increasing lung ventilation in order to quickly eliminate oxygen debt; strengthening the cardiovascular system in order to improve blood circulation; strengthening the muscles of the whole body, especially the abdominals and back, helping to reduce the shaking of the abdominal cavity and chest during vibrations; improvement of the function of the vestibular apparatus. But the work associated with the control of automata in technical systems (operator's activity) requires a high level of development of various types of motor reactions, observation, attention, operational thinking, emotional stability.

But the monotonous work, sitting, characteristic of the manager's profession. In this position, the upper body is tilted forward, the arms extended forward perform movements with a small amplitude back and forth, left and right. The posterior group of muscles of the shoulder girdle and the extensors of the back are stretched and weakened, and the posture deteriorates. The constant relaxation of the abdominal muscles in a sitting position contributes to their weakening, both the first and the second prevent deep breathing. Breathing is related to the work of the heart. It is known that in a sitting position blood circulation is disturbed. From a physiological point of view, such work, due to pronounced monotony, can lead to premature fatigue of the central nervous system. According to I.P. Pavlova, this creates “... gouging into one cell and leads to the fact that this cell comes into a refractory state, a state of retention, non-excitability, and from here this state spreads over all hemispheres, being a dream” . With the widespread use of personal computers in the workflow, fine coordination of the movements of the fingers with the mouse and on the keyboard is necessary.

So, for the development of motor-coordinating abilities, necessary in these types of professional activity, in the process of PPFP, a wide range of exercises of various forms is used; for the education of general endurance - aerobic running and other exercises of a cyclic nature; to increase the level of efficiency in activities carried out in conditions of low or high external temperature - different kinds exercises, during which the body temperature rises significantly and it is necessary to resist functional shifts in the internal environment of the body for a long time (multiple repeated running of high and maximum physiological power, etc.). PPFP in such cases practically merges with general physical training, specialized to some extent in terms of a professional profile, or sports training in a correspondingly chosen sport.

Additional factors for determining the specific content of PPPP are the individual (including gender and age) characteristics of future specialists, as well as the geographical and climatic features of the region where future specialists will work. Differences in physical and special fitness different people play a role in vocational education and training. The success of education and preparation of each person for professional activity depends on his physiological and psychological suitability for this type of work, i.e. from abilities, stable personality traits, but they change in the process of education. Therefore, it is necessary to improve them through targeted training, taking into account individual characteristics, therefore, the efforts of students and the time for mastering individual sections of the PPFP for the chosen specialty are different for everyone.

Bibliographic link

The principle of the organic connection of physical education with the practice of labor activity is most concretely embodied in professional-applied physical training. Although this principle applies to all social system physical education, it is in professionally applied physical training that it finds its specific expression. As a kind of physical education professional-applied physical training is a pedagogically directed process of providing specialized physical fitness for the chosen professional activity. In other words, it is basically a learning process that enriches the individual fund of professionally useful motor skills and abilities, the development of physical and directly related abilities, on which professional capacity directly or indirectly depends.

The need for professional-applied physical training; tasks solved in it

Causation. It is known that the effectiveness of many types of professional work significantly depends, among other things, on special physical fitness, acquired previously through systematic physical exercises, adequate in a certain respect to the requirements for the functional capabilities of the body by professional activity and its conditions. This dependence receives a scientific explanation in the light of deepening ideas about the patterns of interaction between various aspects of the physical and general development an individual in the process of life (in particular, about the patterns of mutual influence of adaptive effects in the course of chronic adaptation to certain types of activity, the transfer of fitness, the interaction of motor skills acquired and improved in the process of training and mastering a profession). The experience of the practical use of these regularities led in due time to the formation of a special kind of physical education - professionally applied physical training (hereinafter abbreviated - PPFP).

The beginning of its formation as a profiled direction and type of physical education in relation to the needs of socialist production in our country dates back to the 30s. A significant role in this was played by the decision of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of April 1, 1930, which provided for serious state and social measures to introduce physical culture into the system of labor rationalization and training of professional personnel, not only for utilitarian purposes, but also in order to promote the full development and strengthening of workers' health.

With the accumulation of positive practical experience and research data in the relevant areas, a whole profiled branch of physical culture has developed - professionally applied physical culture, and the pedagogically directed process of using its factors has taken an important place in the general system of education and upbringing of the younger generation and professional personnel (in the form PPFP). At present, PPFP in our country is carried out primarily as one of the sections of the compulsory course of physical education in vocational schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, as well as in the system of scientific organization of labor during the period of the main, professional activity of workers, when necessary. by nature and working conditions.

The need for further improvement and implementation of PPPP in the education system and the sphere of professional work is determined mainly by the following reasons and circumstances:

1) the time spent on the development of modern practical professions, and the achievement of professional skills in them continue to depend on the level of functional capabilities of the body, which have a natural basis, on the degree of development of the physical abilities of the individual, the diversity and perfection of the acquired motor skills and abilities.

It is no coincidence, for example, that graduates of vocational schools who have completed a thorough course of PPFP. often receive a higher professional qualification level in their specialty than students who have not completed such training for various reasons; the latter, as a rule, adapt more slowly to the conditions of professional activity in production (T.F. Vitenas, V.V. Stanovov, etc.); PPPP in this respect is one of the factors in reducing the time of mastering the profession and one of the guarantees of the quality of its development;

• 2) the productivity of quite a few types of professional labor, despite the progressive decrease in the share of gross muscular efforts in modern material production, directly or indirectly continues to be due to the physical capacity of the performers of labor operations, not only in the field of predominantly physical labor, but also in a number of types of labor activity of a mixed (intellectual-motor) nature, as with machine tool adjusters, assemblers, builders, etc.; in general, a normal physical condition, without which health and effective functioning are inconceivable, remains the most important prerequisite for a consistently high fruitfulness of any professional work;
• 3) the problem of preventing the likely negative impacts of certain types of professional labor and its conditions on the physical condition of workers remains; although this problem is solved by many means of optimizing the content and working conditions, including social, scientific, technical and hygienic ones, factors of professionally applied physical culture, including PPFP, are called upon to play an important role among them;
• 4) promising trends in general social and scientific and technological progress do not relieve a person from the need to constantly improve their activity abilities, and their development due to natural causes is inseparable from the physical improvement of the individual.

Requirements for the physical fitness of workers in various areas of modern professional work and trends in their change

In various spheres of professional work, there are currently several thousand professions, and tens of thousands of specialties. Their main differences are determined by the characteristics of the subject, technology and external conditions of a particular labor and are expressed in the specifics of labor activity, its operations, actions (including sensory and intellectual in perception, processing of information, decision-making and motor in practical impact on the object of labor) , and all this is due to objectively unequal requirements for functional capabilities, physical and other qualities of people professionally engaged in one or another type of labor.

Only relatively few of modern professions require the maximum or close to it mobilization of physical abilities in the process of labor activity itself (these are mainly professions complicated by extreme conditions of activity - testers of flight and other transport and high-speed equipment, professional military personnel, operatives of investigative bodies, divers, etc.). In most types of professional work, even physical, the requirements for the physical capabilities of workers are not normalized at the maximum level (according to the generalized data of M.I. Vinogradov, the power of work when performing most labor motor actions in the field of physical labor, as a rule, does not exceed 30 % of individually maximum). Nevertheless, for the reasons already mentioned, this does not exclude the expediency of specialized physical training in the process of vocational education, and in many professions - in the years of the main labor activity.

Some idea of ​​the requirements imposed by a number of common professions on the physical and directly related qualities of a person, motor abilities and skills, is given by the examples given in Table.

Examples that give an idea of ​​the nature of the requirements imposed by some of the common types of professional work on the physical and directly related qualities of a person, motor abilities and skills

It is clear from these examples that many of the existing species professional labor impose both somewhat general and specific requirements, and that in order to achieve high performance in these and similar types of labor, specially oriented physical training is needed.

In order to present in detail the nature of the requirements of a particular type of labor for professional, including the physical fitness of workers, a serious research development is needed. professiograms, which is compiled on the basis of studying the content and forms of this labor activity in psychological, physiological, biomechanical, ergonomic and other aspects, taking into account the subject, technology and working conditions (the available professiograms are also used for career guidance and career selection; then they are compared with a test assessment of individual inclinations, qualities , abilities).

When identifying the specifics of the requirements that the physical fitness of representatives of certain professions must meet, one must proceed from the fact that it is objectively determined by the totality of the features of a particular labor activity and the conditions for its implementation, including:

the peculiarities of the prevailing work operations (the extent to which they are simple or complex in terms of motor coordination, to what extent they are energy intensive, what is the degree of activity of various functional systems during their implementation, etc.);

features of the regime (in particular, how strictly it regulates the behavior of workers, whether it is characterized by continuity or discontinuity of work operations, what is the order of alternation of work phases and intervals between them, to what extent the work process is characterized by monotony and other factors leading to fatigue);

features of environmental conditions that affect the state of physical and general performance, especially when they differ sharply from comfortable ones (high or low external temperature, vibration and noise effects of labor tools, machinery, production equipment, pollution of inhaled air or low oxygen content and etc.).

With a differentiated development of PPFP programs, the entire set of features of labor activity and its conditions is subject to careful analysis in terms of the requirements for the physical fitness of the worker due to them. At the same time, when defining PPFP programs, it is important to take into account the prospects for changing the nature of work and its conditions and be guided by the general direction of improving the general social system of education, designed to ensure unlimited human development in a truly humane society.

The scientific and technological revolution, as is known, radically changes the nature and conditions of labor, especially in material production. It must be assumed that the growing influence on the transformation of the entire system of vocational training, and in particular PPFP, in the future will be exerted by such trends in changing the nature of labor, the role and place of the human factor in it, such as erasing the opposites between mental and physical labor, freeing workers from exhausting physical effort (with the replacement of energy-intensive production operations with technical devices, automatic machines, robots), the transformation of the performer of work operations into an initiative "manager" and adjuster of complex machine devices, automated lines, production processes, the combination of narrow specialties within the framework of broad-profile professions, dynamic updating of professional functions. Under these conditions, the nature of physical preparation for professional activity will undoubtedly change. The applied meaning of physical training, in all likelihood, will increasingly be determined not by the fact that it ensures the adaptation of the worker to any one, once and for all given professional uniform activity, but by how well it will create the necessary prerequisites for mastering rapidly changing ways of professional activity, guarantee an integral increase in the overall level of the body's functional and adaptive capabilities, stimulate the versatile development of motor abilities, especially coordination and directly related to them, form a fairly rich fund of motor skills. skills that contribute to the rapid construction of new and the transformation of previously learned forms of work movements. Of course, the specialized nature of PPFP will not completely disappear in this case either (since a certain professional specialization, judging by serious futurological forecasts, will exist at least for the foreseeable future), but in general it will acquire a different quality.

The noted trends in the change in the nature of labor and its conditions are already noticeable at the present stage of the scientific and technological revolution, although they are naturally expressed differently in various spheres of social production and in various professions. So far, physical labor, partially mechanized, has been preserved in a number of branches of industrial and agricultural production. At the same time, professions have become quite common, the efficiency of labor activity in which largely depends on the variety and finely tuned motor skills in manual operations (adjusters of complex instruments, equipment, automatic production lines), as well as professions that require specific psychophysical stability in relation to information loads with increased responsibility for performance results (operators at multi-position consoles of modern powerful power plants, including nuclear power plants, energy and transport systems, industrial complexes, etc.). Among the new professions, there are also those where unprecedentedly high demands are made on the all-round physical fitness of a specialist: astronauts, researchers-submariners of the world's oceans, etc.

All of the above leads to an understanding of the actual and prospective tasks to be implemented in the professional-applied physical training of those who master the profession and work in one or another area of ​​professional activity.

Tasks to be solved in the PPFP process

The essence of the main tasks solved in the process of PPFP is to: 1) replenish and improve the individual fund of motor skills, skills and physical education knowledge that contribute to the development of the chosen professional activity, useful in it and necessary at the same time in the process of PPFP in the quality of its means;

• 2) to intensify the development of professionally important physical abilities and those directly related to them*, to ensure the sustainability of the increased level of capacity on this basis;
• 3) increase the degree of resistance of the body to the adverse effects of the environmental conditions in which labor activity takes place **, help increase its adaptive capabilities, maintain and strengthen health;
• 4) contribute to the successful fulfillment of common tasks implemented in the system of professional training of personnel, the education of moral, spiritual, strong-willed and other qualities that characterize purposeful, highly active members of society, creating its material and spiritual values.

These tasks in each individual case must be specified in relation to the specifics of the profession and the characteristics of the contingent involved. It is also clear that PPFP can be quite effective only in an organic combination with other components of the social system of education as a whole, where the tasks of preparing for work are not reduced to particular immediate tasks characteristic of individual stages of vocational training, and are not solved episodically, but permanently. The paramount role in their implementation, which has already been discussed many times, is played by a full-fledged general physical training. On the basis of the prerequisites created by it, a specialized PPFP is built. Its specialization is necessary insofar as it is required by the specificity of professional activity and its conditions, but even in the case of a pronounced specificity, one should not forget about the paramount importance of the principle of all-round assistance to the all-round harmonious development of a person.

Problem regulatory criteria of professional-applied physical fitness has so far been solved only partially and mainly in the first approximation, which is explained both by the multiplicity of existing professions and their dynamic renewal, and by the insufficiently massive deployment of relevant research, although some indicative standards are already included in the current official PPFP programs

• * It is legitimate to consider the so-called professionally important abilities or qualities of an individual as those on which not only the effectiveness (efficiency) of professional activity, but also the possibility of its improvement, as well as the adequacy of behavior in extreme situations likely in it, such as emergency,
• ** This task is of particular importance, of course, when the environmental conditions of professional activity differ sharply from comfortable ones (they are fraught with overheating or hypothermia of the body, vibration or noise overloads, lack of oxygen in the inhaled air, etc.).

physical education labor

The emergence of the problem of the formation of individual professional-applied physical training (PPPP) is due to the need for further theoretical, organizational and methodological improvement of the applied foundations of physical culture, especially in today's changing socio-economic conditions.

With the transition to market relations, all enterprises, organizations and institutions are free to choose employees, therefore it is more profitable for the heads of these enterprises and organizations to keep a healthy employee at work, and not one who is constantly on sick leave, which, moreover, must be paid, and many enterprises and organizations also pay for the treatment of their employees in highly paid clinics. Thus, they lose significant amounts of money if the staff of the enterprise or organization is not distinguished by high health, good physical condition and preparedness.

The appearance of employees is also important, which is one of the determining factors in hiring. After all, in addition to the fact that it is much more pleasant to work with a healthy person, he will never complain about his health, he will always have a cheerful mood, not overshadowed by problems of physical condition, the appearance of employees can also affect the performance of an enterprise, organization or institution. After all, employees are the "face of the company", and, therefore, if they have a healthy appearance and are attractive to customers, partners, this company's business will go uphill.

The modern level of physical education of students, based on the existing traditions and provisions of higher education, should be considered in the spectrum of ever-increasing requirements for a specialist graduate of higher education. The used forms, means, methods of physical education and sports training have been developed in a fairly wide range.

The majority of people engaged in mental work are characterized by low motor activity and neuro-emotional overload, which is the main reason for the high incidence and decrease in working capacity among them. It should be emphasized that in modern conditions in the prevention of diseases, health promotion and increase in the efficiency of mental workers, the wide use of means and methods of PPFP plays a paramount role.

The main goal of the PPFP of university students is to achieve their psychophysical and professional readiness for the upcoming work activity. Recently, there has been a decrease in the level of functional state, physical fitness of students of the Faculty of Economics and Management. Numerous factors influence this process, and among them are not last place occupies the absence of programs, guidelines on PPFP for students of economic profile.

Taking into account the peculiarities of the PPFP of economists, the manual offers effective sets of exercises for the development of motor qualities of students of different fitness levels. Based on the accumulated best practices, we have selected and systematized the most effective and acceptable, based on the characteristics of PPFP, means and methods of development necessary for future economists of motor qualities.

We hope that this manual will help to involve student youth in regular physical culture and sports, to develop professionally important motor qualities, and also to improve their health.

The principle of the organic connection of physical education with the practice of labor activity is most concretely embodied in PPFP. Although this principle extends to the entire social system of physical education, it is in PPPT that it finds its specific expression. As a kind of physical education professional-applied physical training (PPFP) is a pedagogically directed process of providing specialized physical fitness for the chosen professional and applied activity.

The effectiveness of many types of professional work significantly depends on special physical fitness, which is acquired previously through systematic physical exercises that are adequate in a certain respect to the requirements for the functional capabilities of the body, professional activity and its conditions. This dependence receives a scientific explanation in the light of deepening ideas about the patterns of interaction between various parties and the overall development of the individual in the process of life. The experience of the practical use of these regularities led in due time to the formation of a special kind of physical education - PPFP.

The main goal of the PPFP of university students is to achieve their psychophysical and professional readiness for the upcoming work activity.

With the accumulation of useful practical experience and research data in the relevant areas, a whole profiled branch of physical culture has developed - professionally applied physical culture. The pedagogically directed process of using its factors has taken an important place in the general education system - the upbringing of the younger generation and professional personnel. At present, PPPT in our country is carried out primarily as one of the sections of the compulsory course of physical education in vocational schools, secondary specialized and higher educational institutions, as well as in the system of scientific organization of labor during the period of the main professional activity of workers, when it is necessary for nature and working conditions.

The need for further improvement and implementation of PPFP in the education system in the field of professional work is determined mainly by the following reasons and circumstances:

1. The time spent on mastering modern practical professions and achieving professional skills in them continues to depend on the level of the body's functional capabilities, which have a natural basis, on the degree of development of the individual's physical abilities, the diversity and perfection of the motor skills and abilities acquired by him.

2. The productivity of quite a few types of professional labor, despite the progressive decrease in the share of gross muscular efforts in modern material production, directly or indirectly continues to be conditioned by the physical capacity of the performers of labor operations, not only in the sphere of predominant physical labor, but also in a number of types of labor activity. of a mixed (intellectual-motor) character, like that of machine device adjusters. In general, a normal physical condition, without which health and effective functioning are inconceivable, remains the most important prerequisite for the stable high productivity of any professional work.

3. The problem of preventing the likely negative effects of certain types of professional labor and its conditions on the physical condition of workers remains. Despite the fact that this problem is solved by means of optimizing the content and working conditions, including social, scientific, technical and hygienic, factors of professionally applied physical culture, including PPPP, are called upon to play an important role among them.

4. Promising trends in general social and scientific and technological progress do not exempt from the need to constantly improve one's activity abilities, and their development due to natural causes is inseparable from the physical improvement of the individual.

The essence of PPFP is that sports and physical labor are based on a similar motor process, and by the coincidence of psychophysical characteristics, it is possible to determine the direct relationship of each sport with a particular profession. Classes with special exercises and recommended sports improve certain functions and systems of the body that are necessary for acquiring high qualifications.

1. What method of developing strength abilities is based on the standard stimulation of muscle groups by using the kinetic energy of a falling load or the weight of one's own body?
impact method

2. In accordance with what principle is the choice of means of physical education and the regulation of physical activity?
in accordance with the principle of health orientation

3. What determines the effectiveness of many types of professional work?
from special physical fitness

4. What kind of activity is characterized by low muscle load, work in a sitting position, less often? standing, and a lot of neuromuscular tension?
for professions related to mental work

5. Representatives of what group of professions lift several tons of conditional load per shift in a standing position, making very great physical effort?
professions associated with heavy physical labor, with high energy costs

One of the main problems of the methodology of professionally applied physical training stems from the need to provide adequate and systematic modeling of the requirements imposed by professional activity on the functional capabilities of the body, with a gradual excess of these requirements. Modeling the requirements of professional activity in the construction of professionally applied physical training is justified by the fact that it ensures the effectiveness of the means used and should occur with certain variations that contribute not only to adaptation to professional work, but also to increase its effectiveness. The real professional performance of a person (labor productivity) reflects both the level of professionally applied physical training and all other components of his professional capacity. The choice of one or another criterion or some combination of them is also largely determined by the specifics of professional activity. This special training is manifested in the degree of psychophysical fatigue of a person at the end of the working day and is determined by his well-being and reduced performance, as well as in functional tests, test standards and requirements that closely correlate with indicators of professional psychophysical performance.

professional activity

technique

vocational training

1. Bishaev A.A. Professional health-improving physical culture of a student. M.: KnoRus, 2013. - 304 p.

2. Vorobieva V.V. Pedagogical conditions and mechanisms for the formation of value orientations of college students for professional education: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. ped. Sciences. - Stavropol, 2012. - 26 p.

3. Grishina Yu.I. General physical preparation. Know and be able. M.: Phoenix, 2014. - 249 p.

4. Kiselman M.V. Pedagogical conditions for the professional and personal development of students of a technical college: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. ped. Sciences. - M., 2012. - 29 p.

5. Kuznetsov V.S. Theory and methodology of physical culture. M.: Academy, 2013. - 341 p.

The primary goal of professionally applied physical training is to promote health and improve labor efficiency. Labor efficiency can be increased by expanding the physiologically acceptable limits of its intensity, as well as by increasing individual productivity, the level of which is also influenced by physical fitness. So, the goal and objectives of professionally applied physical training are primarily determined by the requirements of a particular profession. Professional-applied physical training allows developing physical abilities, forming and improving motor skills and abilities, instilling the necessary moral and volitional qualities, increasing the body's resistance to the adverse effects of specific conditions of professional activity. The goals and objectives of professionally applied physical training are based on the consistent implementation of the general pedagogical and fundamental principles of the physical education methodology, which are specified in relation to the features of its content and construction in real conditions of professional education and life.

The productivity of many types of professional work significantly depends on the special readiness acquired earlier through systematic training, corresponding in a certain respect to the requirements of professional activity, and the conditions imposed on the functional capabilities of the body. This dependence receives a scientific explanation in the light of deepening ideas about the patterns and regularity of the interaction of various aspects of the physical and general development of a person in the process of life. An experience practical application these regularities also led to the formation of a special type of physical education - professionally applied physical training.

Today, professionally applied physical training in our country is carried out as one of the sections of the compulsory course of physical education in secondary vocational and higher educational institutions, in the system of scientific organization of labor during the period of the main, professional activity of workers, when it is necessary due to the nature and working conditions. . The need for further improvement and implementation of this type of physical training for future specialists and bachelors in the education system and the sphere of professional work determines the time spent on mastering modern practical professions. The achievement of professional mastery in them continues to depend on the level of functional capabilities of the organism, which have a natural basis, on the degree of development of the individual's physical abilities, the variety of motor skills and abilities acquired by him. The productivity of quite a few types of professional labor, despite the progressive decrease in the share of gross muscular efforts in modern material production, directly or indirectly continues to be conditioned by the physical capacity of the performers of labor operations, not only in the sphere of predominantly physical labor, but also in a number of types of labor activity of a mixed type (intellectual-motor). A normal physical condition, without which health and effective functioning are inconceivable, remains the most important prerequisite for the consistently high productivity of any professional work. The problem of preventing the likely negative effects of certain types of professional labor and its conditions on the physical condition of workers remains. This problem is solved by many means of optimizing the content and working conditions, including social, scientific, technical and hygienic ones, among which factors of professional and applied physical training play an important role. The progress of civilization as a whole does not exempt a person from the need to constantly improve their professional abilities, and their development due to natural causes is inseparable from the physical improvement of the individual.

Based on this, each profession dictates its own level of development of mental, mental and physical qualities, a list of professionally applied skills and abilities. Therefore, if a person is preparing for the profession of an engineer, he needs professionally applied physical training of one content, and a future manager and economist - another. These differences are reflected in the goals and objectives of professionally applied physical training as a section of the discipline "Physical culture". The possibility of these classes is provided during study and free time. The main goal of professionally applied physical training is to promote health and increase work efficiency. The efficiency of work can be increased due to the expansion of the physiologically acceptable limits of its intensity, as well as due to an increase in individual productivity, the level of which physical fitness also has a certain effect. So, the goal and objectives of professionally applied physical training are primarily determined by the requirements of a particular profession.

Professional-applied physical training allows to develop physical abilities, form and improve motor skills, bring up the necessary moral and volitional qualities, increase the body's resistance to the negative effects of special conditions of professional activity. The goals and objectives of professionally applied physical training are based on the consistent implementation of the general pedagogical and basic principles of the methodology of physical education, which are specified in relation to the features of its content and construction in the real conditions of professional education and activity.

Professional-applied physical training in a higher educational institution sets the following tasks.

1. To replenish the stock of students with applied knowledge about the profession, about the physical qualities they need to successfully perform labor operations, for highly efficient work.

2. To form motor skills that will contribute to the productive work of future specialists.

3. To develop and educate the physical and mental qualities necessary for future work.

4. Accelerate the development of labor operations for more successful training in the profession.

5. Use the means of active recreation to combat work fatigue, for a quick and complete recovery of strength.

6. Prevent and minimize occupational injuries by increasing strength, speed, endurance, agility and flexibility in the performance of labor operations, in the process of life.

The work of an electrical engineer is associated with significant energy costs. Work has to be done not only in switchboard and transformer substations, but also on lighting poles, often in different, mostly bent positions. It is necessary to strengthen the muscles of the back, abdomen, shoulder girdle (which is necessary for the formation of correct posture), the muscles that support the arch of the foot (for people working while standing). When performing heavy physical work associated with prolonged and strong contraction of certain muscles, exercises are needed that prevent persistent shortening of the muscles. Often there is a need to normalize the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Hands, pressing with great force on the handle of the necessary equipment, transmit a possible vibration to the whole body. The presence of significant muscle tension when working in uncomfortable positions contributes to rapid fatigue. The vibration causes contraction of the peripheral blood vessels, especially those of the arms, which creates an obstruction to blood flow. The negative influence of vibration affects the activity of the central nervous system and the vestibular apparatus. Symptoms of motion sickness appear: pallor, feeling unwell, sometimes nausea. The adverse effect is significantly reduced by special technical means and proper organization of work. One of these means can be physical exercises included in the working day in the form of physical culture breaks. The monotonous repetition of movements by apparatchiks of technical professions in production affects the same nerve cells every time. According to I.P. Pavlova, this creates "... gouging into one cell and leads to the fact that this cell comes into a refractory state, a state of retention, and from here this state spreads over all hemispheres, being a dream." Thus, inconsistency is inherent in many types of such work. On the one hand, when performing production operations, a tendency to inhibition appears, on the other hand, the same performance of production operations stimulates the excitation of the working system of cortical nerve centers. There is a tense struggle of opposing processes, often leading to a neurotic state. There are many ways to overcome the negative consequences of monotony in work, in particular, by introducing breaks in work and filling them with elementary physical exercises.

Or, on the contrary, a feature of the profession of a manager and an economic specialist is monotonous and monotonous work while sitting. In this situation, the upper body is tilted forward, the arms that are extended forward perform movements with a small amplitude. The posterior group of muscles of the shoulder girdle and the extensors of the back are stretched and weakened, and the posture deteriorates. Continuous relaxation of the abdominal muscles in a sitting position promotes their release and prevents proper breathing. The work of the heart is related to breathing. It is known that in a sitting position blood circulation is disturbed. From a physiological point of view, such work, due to pronounced monotony, can lead to premature exhaustion of the central nervous system. Then, with the help of professionally applied physical training, the following problems are solved: increasing ventilation of the lungs in order to quickly eliminate oxygen starvation, strengthening the cardiovascular system in order to improve blood circulation, strengthening the muscles of the whole body, especially the abdominals and back, which helps to reduce the concussion of the abdominal organs and chest, improving the function of the vestibular apparatus.

The provision of organic interconnection, unity of general and special physical training is of paramount importance for rational construction as a whole. It is necessary to rely on the prerequisites created by general physical training, because this harmonious development the main physical qualities, the formation of a rich fund of various motor skills. The content of professional-applied training and many specific details of its rational construction depend on how the general physical training of the future specialist took place during the basic course of physical education and how it is carried out further. In particular, the structure of the used means and types of physical exercises included in this course includes elements and variants of previously developed forms of movements. Quite often they are similar in terms of coordination to motor actions, which are mastered in the main course of physical education in the aspect of general physical training.

Combining general and professional-applied physical training involves profiling general physical training in relation to the characteristics of the profession, both during the period of mastering it, and in the years of subsequent professional and labor activity. It is advisable to introduce general physical training in the first year of study, and professional-applied training in the second or third year of mastering the discipline in an educational institution. Depending on its specific features, it is necessary to strengthen those components of general physical training that contribute more than others to the development of professionally important physical and related abilities, redistributing the time and effort spent in its various sections accordingly. During the training of professional motor skills, one should not perform exercises in the process of general physical training that may adversely affect their formation. It is necessary to include in the general physical training a sufficient amount of training loads that resist the adverse effects on health and professional physical inactivity (especially when professional activity is extremely different). low level motor activity). Selective use of directed complexes of physical exercises should be used to prevent and correct individual deviations in physical condition and development of the body, likely under the chronic influence of adverse factors and conditions of professional activity. Such profiling of general physical training brings it closer to professionally applied. Despite the fact that they are closely related, they are not interchangeable, with their help different tasks are solved. General physical training is presented in relation to the features of professional work and should be aimed at ensuring the comprehensive physical improvement of a person, regardless of what activity he has chosen as a profession.

Although the degree of intensity of physical effort in most modern types of labor activity is rather low, in the methodology of professionally applied physical training it is necessary to rely on the principle of gradually increasing the training load, to the extent that it is necessary to prepare for specific professional and labor loads, and for general increasing the level of functionality of the body, strengthening and maintaining health. There cannot be certain universal quantitative norms of load increase that are equally suitable in all cases, since the boundaries of an expedient increase and their dynamics depend on many circumstances, including the actual development of the total load volume and the way of doing physical exercises with an individual lifestyle. Here it is possible to use most of the forms of classes accepted in the system of physical education and self-education. At the same time, this must be considered in unity with other components of the education system and the most acceptable ratio of various forms of employment should be found, giving a chance to achieve personal and social goals in an individual approach.

As a means of professionally applied physical training, quite a variety of forms of physical exercises are used from among those that have developed in basic physical culture and sports, as well as exercises that have been transformed and specially designed in relation to the characteristics of a particular professional activity (as specially preparatory). Only exercises similar in form to professional labor motor actions cannot serve as adequate means. To reduce means only to them means to significantly distort the very essence of training. This approach has become ineffective in modern conditions, when micromovements are characteristic of many types of labor activity. Local and regional motor actions by themselves are by no means sufficient for the optimal development of motor abilities, and the mode of their implementation often acquires more and more features that cause production physical inactivity with all its dangers for the full state of the body.

However, this does not mean that in modern professionally applied physical training it is generally inappropriate to model certain features of labor activity. Self-modeling is not reduced here to a formal imitation of labor operations, but involves predominantly performing exercises that allow you to purposefully mobilize (effectively manifest in action) precisely those professionally important functional properties of the body, motor and associated abilities, on which the effectiveness of a particular professional activity significantly depends. At the same time, it is advisable to reproduce the essential moments of the coordination of movements that are part of the professional activity, but on the condition that the corresponding exercises can give an educational, developing or supporting effect. A significant part of the exercises is general applied exercises.

Thus, for the development of motor and coordination abilities necessary in technical types of professional activity, within the framework of professional and applied physical training, a wide range of exercises is used, different in form: this is the development of general endurance - aerobic running and other exercises of a cyclic nature, to increase the level of working capacity in activities that are performed in conditions of low or high external temperature - various types of exercises, during which the body temperature increases significantly and it is necessary to resist functional changes in the internal environment of the body for a long time (multiple repeated running of high and maximum physiological power).

In full, the set of means of professionally applied physical training is not limited to physical exercises. In combination with them, to implement the tasks pursued in it, natural external hardening factors are used, and when necessary, special hygienic and other means of increasing the level of adaptive capabilities of the body and resistance to adverse effects of specific conditions of professional activity. In the process, the means of intellectual education corresponding to its characteristics should also be used, moral education and specialized mental training, without which comprehensive professional training is not conceivable.

Reviewers:

Egorova G.I., Doctor of Pediatric Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, branch of the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University, Tobolsk;

Yarkova T.A., Doctor of Pedagogy, Professor of the Department of Pedagogy and social education, branch of the Tyumen State University, Tobolsk.

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