Rough woolen fabric crossword puzzle. Varieties and uses of woolen fabric. Caring for wool products

and. sparse and coarse woolen fabric, with an oblique thread, on a lining under the cloth. Karazeyny, made of her. Karazeynik m. arch. karasey sundress
woolen fabric of rough dressing, sparse texture, in the Russian army was used for sewing soldier's uniforms

STAMED

coarse woolen fabric
type of woolen fabric, var. stamet
red twill wool fabric
m. woolen, cosonite fabric. Novg. and other red stamed sundress or stamednik. Stamedny loom. Stamedchik, Stamed weaver
woolen, braided fabric

CAMLET

m. harsh woolen fabric, b. h oblique. Kamlotovy., kamlotyy, kamlotchaty, sewn from it, made. Kamlotnik m. arch. woolen, camlot sundress
vintage thick woolen fabric
thick woolen fabric
dense dark wool or cotton fabric
thick woolen or half-woolen fabric of the 19th century
woolen, and since the 19th century - cotton fabric, expensive varieties of which were woven from camel or angora wool mixed with silk
vintage rough fabric

OLOSHI

(olochki, olochki) 1), coarse woolen stockings with leather sheathing and soles; 2), caligwa, pistons made of animal skins with wool inside
olochki, olochki pl. East-Siberian coarse woolen stockings with leather sheathing and soles. Genus kalig, pistons made of animal skins, with wool inside

CASHMERE

m. thin woolen fabric, similar to Asian shawls. Cashmere, cashmere, made from this fabric
lightweight thin wool fabric
wool fabric
cotton, wool fabric
lightweight thin wool fabric
soft woolen or wool blend worsted twill weave, dyed even colors or stuffed; originally manufactured in the city of Kashmir in India
thin woolen or wool blend fabric

SHALON

light woolen fabric, woven like double-sided twill with diagonal stripes on both sides; name from the city of Chalons-on-the-Marne in France
m. french type of woolen fabric; now replaced by others
(obsolete) fine wool twill weave
fine wool twill fabric

Wool fabric: warmer than ever

Dresses, suits, coats, sweaters, sweaters, blankets, blankets, carpets - the list of products for the production of which woolen fabric is used can be continued. So different in purpose, they are united by one important property - a high degree of thermal protection, which is provided by natural wool fibers.

The earliest finds confirming human breeding of sheep and the use of their wool date back to the Stone Neolithic period - the 7th - 3rd centuries BC. They were found in what is now Switzerland.

In ancient Mesopotamia, which was located near the Persian Gulf, antique mosaics were found depicting the manufacture of woolen fabrics and their use in everyday life. Archaeologists date them to 4000-3500 BC.

In the Middle Ages, in the villages of southeast England, the peasants were engaged in raising sheep and processing their wool. This marked the beginning of the production of the famous English cloth, which became the main export commodity. The British called it "the most precious product of the kingdom" and sold it to other states. From 1275 taxes on the export of wool became the largest source of income for the English crown.

Interesting fact! It was from the Middle Ages, when England was considered the main exporter of wool and woolen materials to Europe, that the original custom came out: symbolizing the country's national treasure, the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords sat on a bag stuffed with wool. This tradition is not changed to this day. True, now the bag is filled with wool produced not only in Great Britain, but also in other states, which is a symbol of their unity.

However, in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the soft and beautiful wool of merino sheep, which began to be grown in Spain, pressed coarse English cloth on the textile market. And in the twentieth century, the discovery of synthetic materials led to a sharp decline in the production of pure wool fabrics.

Nowadays, when, fed up with the brilliance and beauty of synthetics, consumers began to give priority to natural natural materials, wool has again legitimately taken its place among the most sought-after and expensive fabrics.

Sources of woolen raw materials

Woolen is a group of fabrics, for the production of which raw materials obtained from various animals are used. The most famous "suppliers" of wool are:

To reduce the cost of some types of wool raw materials, cotton, viscose, acrylic or polyester fibers are added to it. Thanks to this, fabrics acquire additional strength and become more wear-resistant and durable.

Classification of woolen materials

The modern textile industry produces many materials from animal raw materials. According to their fibrous composition, they can be divided into two groups:

Pure wool. These include fabrics in which the inclusion of chemical fibers is not more than 10%.
Semi-woolen. These are fabrics in which up to 80% can be viscose, nylon, acrylic or polyester.

Interesting fact! Recently, lavsan has been increasingly used as an additive to wool fibers. These synthetic threads increase the resistance of the material to abrasion, reduce shrinkage and creasing. But at the same time, the introduction of lavsan reduces the level of hygroscopicity and plasticity and increases rigidity. finished product which is not always welcomed by consumers.

Depending on the type of yarn used and the way it is processed, woolen raw materials are divided into three important categories:

Worsted. They are obtained from combed yarn, twisted over the warp or weft. Such fabrics have a smooth surface with a clearly defined weave pattern.
Fine cloth. They are characterized by a fleecy surface, under which the texture of the material is often hidden. The presence of pile increases the thermal qualities of products, but increases their dust capacity and ability to pollute.
Rough cloth. Like the previous ones, they have a soft, fleecy, and sometimes felt-like surface. But the canvas itself looks heavier, thicker and rougher, since it is made using hardware yarn with the addition of textile waste. Fabrics are characterized by increased wear resistance, but little plasticity and drape.

There is also a classification of woolen and semi-woolen fabrics by purpose. According to it, all produced canvases belong to the following types:

Coat.
Suit.
Dress.

Coat fabrics are characterized by high (350-750 g/m 2) density, thickness, as well as increased wear resistance and heat-shielding properties. Other types are produced mostly from lint-free fabric. At the same time, materials for tailoring suits have a surface density of 200-400 g/m 2 , and dress materials - 80-160 g/m 2 . They are performed using various weaves: linen, twill, satin, finely patterned or two-layer.

Properties of woolen fabrics

Since woolen fabrics have many raw materials, their properties are different. However, the qualities that unite them are much more. Consider the most basic:

An important advantage of woolen fabrics is the rapid weathering of odors. In addition, most sheets are resistant to dust absorption and dirt.

Interesting fact! widely known and medicinal properties wool products. Even in ancient Russia, to get rid of a toothache or headache, they tied a woolen scarf or scarf.

Assortment of woolen fabrics

There are many pure wool and wool blend fabrics that differ in density, weave type, processing and other characteristics. Let's get acquainted briefly with the most famous and sought after.

Bike. The material has a small soft pile on the surface. Most often, the fabric is used for sewing pajamas, dressing gowns or light summer coats.
Boucle. Thick loose tissue with a characteristic knotted surface. One of the few materials that is difficult to cut and sew. Chanel style suits made of bouclé fabric look very attractive and elegant.
Velours. Woolen fabric with thick pile. It can be plain-dyed and with various patterns formed by crushing hairs on special presses. elegant dresses and costumes sportswear and covers for furniture, car upholstery and curtains - all this can be done from velor.
Gabardine. Dense fabric with a surface in a small diagonal scar. Made of twill weave, it repels water well, and with special treatment it becomes completely waterproof. Therefore, gabardine is used for outerwear: raincoats, jackets and coats, as well as in the production of bags and backpacks.
Jersey. Soft, pleasant to the touch knitted woolen fabric, from which the legendary Coco Chanel loved to sew outfits. Most often, dresses, skirts, elegant women's suits or demi-season coats are made from this fabric.
Drap. Heavy, dense, thick fabric with felt pile. Warm men's and women's coats are made from it.
Jacquard. Due to the special interweaving of several multi-colored threads, fancy convex patterns are formed on this fabric. Women's jackets, coats and jacquard suits look very unusual and always attract attention.
Crepe. Formed from a very tightly twisted thread, the fabric has a rough surface to the touch with many small knots. The material is plastic and drapes wonderfully, which makes it possible to sew dresses, skirts and suits of the most intricate styles from it.
Plush. Bunnies and bears, dogs and other animals made of soft fleecy plush look cozy and delight not only children, but also adults. And this fabric is also used in furniture upholstery, making curtains, tablecloths and other products.
Reps. This thin but dense fabric is used to sew office suits, trousers, skirts, school uniform. It practically does not wrinkle and has good resistance to abrasion and other mechanical stress.
Tweed. This fabric has been the subject of national pride of the Scots for many years. Strong and elastic, it has a small pile on the surface and weave into a small rib. The "highlight" of the material is the constant presence of colored threads, unobtrusively woven into the main canvas. Coats and jackets, suits and vests, trousers and skirts, as well as hats and scarves are sewn from tweed.
Felt. nonwoven fabric, formed during the dumping of rabbit and goat down. It makes beautiful shoes, elegant hats and caps, women's stoles and capes. Recently, it has become very fashionable to make various decorative products from felt to decorate the interior.
Flannel. Soft wool fabric with double-sided brushing. The most common use is dressing gowns and pajamas, cozy jackets and sweatshirts, warm tracksuits.
Plaid. The most famous checkered fabric. Soft and cozy, it is successfully used for tailoring men's shirts, children's clothing, women's skirts and dresses.

It's important to know! In order to give woolen fabrics greater elasticity and elasticity, 2-5% of lycra, a synthetic fiber with amazing stretchability, is added to them. In the description of such materials there is always the prefix "stretch", which you should pay attention to when buying a product.

Caring for wool products

Most woolen fabrics, especially with minimal synthetic additives, are very capricious in care. Before cleaning or washing them, you need to carefully study the recommendations of the manufacturers, which are applied in the form of icons on the label or label. There are certain rules, adhering to which you can save the original for a long time. appearance products:

it is best to wash woolen things by hand or on the most delicate machine mode;
you need to use only special liquid products that are designed for wool;
water temperature should not exceed 30 0 С;
woolen things can not be rubbed, twisted and wrung out in a typewriter;
dry clothes in a horizontal position away from heating appliances. It should not be hung out in the sun;
most often wool products do not need ironing. It is enough to carefully hang them on a coat hanger;
if there are still wrinkles and creases on the clothes, then you should set the iron regulator to the “wool” position and apply the steaming mode.

It's important to know! Some woolen fabrics closely resemble other materials. There are woolen gauze, crinkled wool and woolen "flax". In order not to make a mistake when buying and to recognize the fabric correctly, you should conduct a small test: set fire to the fibers pulled out of it. If the thread is really wool, it will burn with the characteristic smell of burnt hair, and in its place you will get a small ball that is easily rubbed with your fingers.

Despite the abundance of artificial and synthetic materials, wool products will never go out of fashion and will not lose their relevance. After all, only they can provide the most natural warmth, which will warm you wonderfully on cold days and bring a lot of pleasant sensations.

Boucle (from French boucler “to curl”) is a coarse fabric of plain weave, made of shaped yarn with large knots located at some distance from each other, in the warp and weft or only in the weft, as a result of which the fabric acquires a knobby surface.
Predominantly woolen, bouclé, coat or suit fabric
Coarse fabric made from fancy yarn
Fabric pretending to be doodle
"curly" fabric
Non-smooth, knotted fabric
Curly fabric
Fabric with a surface reminiscent of a lamb's astrakhan fur
Fabric in small curls
Fabric for outerwear
Fabric in small curls

The Cipher Bureau (Polish Biuro Szyfrów, [ˈbʲurɔ ˈʂɨfruf] listen) is a special unit of the Polish military intelligence (Second Department of the General Staff of the Polish Army), which existed in the 1930s and 1940s and worked on the problems of cryptography (the use of ciphers and codes) and cryptanalysis (the study of ciphers and codes, especially with a view to breaking them).
That was the name of the woolen fabric, which used to be used in France to set tables in various institutions.

Velor (fr. velours - velvet, from lat. villosus - hairy, shaggy) - the name of some materials that have a soft pile velvety front surface.
Headwear fabric
Ribbed fabric
Cloth for soft hat
Hat fabric
Woolen brushed fabric, shoe
curtain fabric
upholstery fabric
Short pile fabric
Hat fabric
Pile fabric for upholstered furniture

Gabardine (fr. gabardine) is a woolen fabric made from merino yarn, very thin, twisted in two ends for the warp, and less thin, single - for the weft.
Fine ribbed fabric
Fabric that rhymes with Borodin
Slanted rib fabric
Thick wool fabric
Fabric by Thomas Burberry
coat fabric
Fabric for suits and coats
Fabric for outerwear
Thick ribbed fabric
Merino wool fabric

Garus (Polish harus from German Haar “hair, wool”) is a genus of old woolen or cotton yarn of two types:
Wool yarn, embroidery threads
Denim
Woolen yarn or fabric on the dress
Cotton fabric
M. twisted, white or colored woolen yarn; wool for sewing, embroidery. Garusina, garusinka w. wool, garus thread. Garusny, from garus, or related to it: Garusnik m. garus trader; wool box
wool yarn
Fabric that rhymes with a sail
Wool yarn for knitting
Rough cotton plain weave
Woolen yarn used for embroidery, knitting and weaving of coarse fabrics

Wool is one of the oldest types of raw materials for the production of textiles for various purposes, as well as knitted products. Woolen fabric is a material obtained by weaving fibers of animal origin, namely, the hairline of various animals. That is, wool is not only the villi themselves, but also the matter that is obtained from them. Natural wool is very expensive, but it is in great demand. The reason for this is the excellent properties of wool. But today half-woolen fabrics, with the addition of other fibers, which are somewhat cheaper, have become much more widespread.

Types of raw materials

Wool for the production of fabrics is obtained not only from sheep, as most believe. Although sheep is by far the most popular and affordable.

The following types of wool can serve as raw materials for woolen textiles.

Sheep(fine-wool merino, lamb's wool or coarser shetland and cheviot) - warm, wear-resistant, durable.
- fibers obtained from Himalayan goats. One of the most expensive types of wool.
camel- elastic and light, usually used in combination with sheep for coats. A more expensive variant is the hand-harvested vicuña (for the production of very expensive costume materials).
Mohair- is produced from the hairline of Angora goats living in South Africa, the USA, Turkey. The fabric is very delicate, requiring special care.
Angora- fibers produced from the wool of angora rabbits. The fabric of them is very soft, pleasant to the touch, also one of the most expensive.
Alpaca (llama, suri)- llama wool. According to its characteristics, it is much warmer than cashmere or merino, it is used in the production of expensive clothes.

All these varieties have different density, hairiness, weight, therefore, woolen fabrics of different characteristics and purposes are obtained from them. And, of course, different price categories.

By the way, the price is significantly affected by impurities of other fibers, especially synthetic ones, which significantly reduce shrinkage and wrinkling, prolong the life of things, and facilitate their care. In this case we are talking already .

Pure wool materials include materials in which up to 10% of other natural or artificial fibers (but not synthetics) may be present.

According to the method of spinning, fabrics from woolen raw materials are divided into three main groups.

Worsted- from semi-fine or semi-coarse twisted yarn. Wool-blend worsted fabrics are the thinnest and most common for tailoring suits.
fine cloth- from fine yarn of hardware production. According to the structure, such materials are fleecy, of varying degrees of felting. Of them get woolen.
Rough cloth- from coarse hardware yarn. Accordingly, the fabrics are coarse, thick and dense. They are used for tailoring informal jackets, military outerwear.

Naturally, the technical characteristics, such as density, softness, thickness, strength, are significantly different for all these varieties.

Woolen products perfectly absorb foreign odors. Therefore, the aromas of perfume on them will last a very long time. However, for the same reason, things made of such materials should not be worn by smokers: a persistent “ombre” of cigarette smoke will accompany them all the time.

Wool textile properties

In each case, fabrics made from woolen raw materials will differ not only in the method of spinning and the thickness of the threads, but also in the type of weave, density, degree of felting, percentage and type of synthetic or artificial additives.

But in general, if we talk about all woolen fabrics, we can name several common properties for them.

Very low thermal conductivity. That is maximum thermal protection. It is difficult to find another natural equivalent with such a degree of preservation of human warmth.
Strength and durability. The twisted threads used in weaving are responsible for them.
Hygroscopicity. Wool perfectly passes air and absorbs vapors of a human body.
Dirt resistance. This is a natural property of natural wool.
Low creasing, for which a special twist of the threads is responsible. By the way, in order to bring a crumpled product made of such materials into a neat appearance, it is enough to hang it on a coat hanger in a damp room for a while.

If things still need ironing, it is better to use a steamer instead of an iron. Or iron from the inside, without pressing hard - with strong pressure on the surface of the fabric, you can “smooth out” its expressive texture irrevocably!

Of course, like any textile, wool has a couple of not-so-attractive characteristics.

Wool absorbs moisture from environment. Walking in a woolen coat through the fog, you can find yourself in wet outerwear.
When wet in water (during washing), the material is able to stretch strongly, which requires special delicacy.
May cause allergic reactions depending on fiber composition.
Woolen fabrics, especially those with a high percentage of synthetic impurities, can accumulate static electricity (spark and "shock").

The main types of woolen fabrics, their application

As with most textiles, wool is the name of a type of fiber, not the fabric itself. Textiles, produced in a large assortment, have many different names. The use of all these types is different. They are used for tailoring products for various purposes: from outerwear to bed linen.

Reps- a fairly dense costume fabric of the appropriate weave.
Gabardine- also dense, but at the same time light water-repellent fabric for sewing raincoats, summer coats.
Boucle- with a surface in the form of "nodules".
Jersey- variety knitted fabrics Suitable for sewing dresses and other clothes.
Velours- a cloth with a uniform dense pile. It is used for the manufacture of furniture upholstery, tailoring of jackets, cardigans, elegant dresses.
bike- thin fabric with a fleece on one side for sewing demi-season coats or thin blankets.
Cloth- heavy and very dense, rather rough fabric for sewing outerwear.
Flannel- thin, with double-sided fleece. Warm children's clothes and bed linen are sewn from it.
Tweed- soft. Jackets and demi-season coats are made from it.
Plaid- woolen checkered material used for tailoring women's suits and dresses, men's shirts.
- heavy, dense material of the coat group.
Cashmere- dense beautiful matter for the production of outerwear, stoles, jackets, scarves. Very high quality and expensive.
Felt- material obtained by felting wool. Not only clothes are made from it, but also shoes, soft toys.

How to care for wool products?

It is logical to assume that coats, suits and jackets should not be machine washed, it is better to dry-clean. Skirts, trousers, dresses can be washed on a delicate cycle without wringing by hand. It is preferable to dry such things by laying them out in a horizontal position. More specific recommendations can be found on clothing labels.

Woolen fabrics are a huge assortment of various textiles that are in constant demand among consumers. The main advantage of such materials is the preservation of heat. And the main disadvantage is the need for careful care. But these efforts will pay off a hundredfold with the sensations that wool products give.

Reading time: 7 minutes

Natural wool is animal hair collected for processing and exploitation. Mostly woolen fabric is made from sheep. Camels, goats, llamas, rabbits are also used. Wool consists mainly of keratin protein, which contains a lot of sulfur.

To obtain fluff, animals are combed out, to obtain wool, they are sheared. After harvesting, it is cleaned and sorted.

Yarn is made from it, which is converted into natural fabrics or with the addition of synthetics. It is used for the manufacture of felted and felt products.

Varieties of wool

According to the method of extraction, it is divided into three types:

“live” is sheared from living animals;
"dead" is collected from the skins of animals in slaughterhouses, its quality is worse;
recovered is obtained by splitting pieces of yarn, woolen shreds.

Fiber types:

fluff is the softest, thinnest, tender and valuable part;
transitional hair - less crimped, like fluff, harder and thicker;
dead hair - hard, fragile.

Origin of fiber

Types depending on the animal:

Camel hair is obtained from the undercoat of a two-humped non-working camel. It is combed out once a year. From one individual you can collect from 4 to 9 kg. This material is lighter than sheep's, it retains body temperature better than others. Quickly absorbs and evaporates moisture. It cannot be dyed, so it is produced in only 14 shades. Such clothes help in the treatment of many diseases.
Llama wool can only be obtained in Peru. Previously, this animal was a pack animal, and now the quality of vegetation is different for everyone. Only llamas with soft hair are selected for cutting and combing. Down is used to make luxury fabrics, hair is also used.
Alpaca is a rare Peruvian llama. They cut it once a year and get no more than 3.5 kg of wool. Therefore, it is very expensive. Durable and warm, resistant to dirt. There are 22 natural shades of this material.

Types of woolen fabrics

Different woolen fabrics differ from each other in density, processing method, composition.

In general, they can be divided into three subgroups:

Rough cloth fabrics are very coarse, heavy, thick and dense. Mostly they make coats and jackets in country style.
Fine-wool are designed for the manufacture of light coats, jackets, suits. They are not very dense.
Worsted smooth and thin. Scope - for the most part suits.

Depending on the purpose, various woolen cloths are used.

For business suits

Demanded fabrics for the production of women's and men's suits:

A single-ply, plain weave cloth with a matte finish. It is made from thin, semi-thin or semi-coarse fibers.
- the softest variety. From thin hardware yarn, a loose structure and a relief surface are obtained.
used for the production of jackets with twill weave. It is smooth dyed. No diagonal rib.

For coat

What are women's and men's coats made of:

Made from merino wool with a twill weave. Dense, rigid, wear-resistant, water-repellent monophonic material. Doesn't wrinkle. Suitable for light coats.
make a complex weave with the addition of synthetic threads. Warm fabric with fluffy front side. The loose structure contributes to the appearance of pollution. Puffs are formed and threads come out in the area of frequent friction.
with a clear pile, dense and heavy. It retains heat well and does not let air through. Man-made fibers are often added for strength and to reduce static.
Cashmere is an expensive fabric, sometimes natural fibers are mixed with artificial ones. It is obtained from a twill weave of the finest fibers.

Baby clothes

So that rough materials do not injure delicate skin child, two mild types are usually used:

Thin woolen has a fleece on both sides. Poorly keeps its shape, but warm and comfortable, breathable.
– wool jersey, soft and comfortable. Elastic and almost does not wrinkle.

Other options

What other fabrics are there?

How to determine the naturalness of wool

Three simple ways:

Take a piece of thread and set it on fire. Natural fiber flares quickly and burns slowly. When it goes out, the smell of burnt hair will be felt, and the burnt thread is easily rubbed into dust. A material containing artificial fibers will leave behind a polymer droplet.
A piece of fabric needs to be wrinkled and listen to your feelings. Synthetic fiber glides and makes a grinding sound, which can even cause unpleasant goosebumps. In the process, static electricity appears, crackling is heard. Small flashes are visible in the dark. If you knead a natural canvas, then the skin will only tingle a little.
Take a close look at the yarn. Real wool is branched, it has an uneven structure. Artificial textiles or with impurities look smoother, the finest hairs do not climb out. That's why synthetic material not so prickly and softer than natural.

Ingredients must be listed on the label. If a thing is made of expensive material, such as angora or cashmere, you should ask for a certificate for the product before buying.

Proper Care

Wash from the wrong side so that the shape of the product is preserved and spools do not form. The optimum water temperature is 30 degrees, otherwise the thing shrinks.

For washing, special liquid products or regular shampoo are used. Children's is suitable for very delicate things.
Any stains are removed before washing. Most can be removed with alcohol. dish detergent, ordinary dirt - with a clothes brush.
Do not soak woolen items. The washing process should not take more than 45 minutes from the moment of immersion in water.
Woolen textiles can be washed a couple of times a year. Stains are removed separately, the smells from such clothes quickly evaporate. It is enough to hang it on the balcony.

Drying process: roll the clothes into a tube, put on a light towel and unfold. It is necessary to immediately give the correct form.
The shrunken thing should be slightly moistened with water and ironed from the inside through gauze. In the process, the fabric is stretched to give the desired shape. Read the recommendations:.
The spools cannot be torn off manually; for this, special machines or scallops are used.
Woolen products are stored folded on the shelf. They will stretch on the shoulders.

Handwash

Right Action:

Pour cool water into the basin up to 30 degrees.
Dissolve detergent in it. It should be designed for hand washing, preferably liquid. On the packaging there are images of woolen balls.
Dip the item in the basin and wait a few seconds until it is saturated with water. Gently move it in different directions several times. You can not rub - from this spools are formed.
When the water changes color, it can be poured out. You can repeat if necessary, but more often than not, once is enough.
Fill the sink with water of the same temperature that was used for washing. Rinse the product with gentle movements. The detergent must be removed completely, so it is usually rinsed twice.
Drain the water and lift the clothes in a ball. Carefully squeeze out some of the water and wrap in a thick towel. It will absorb most of the water.

Various things are made from wool: outer and casual clothes, shoes, hats and accessories, upholstery for furniture. Woolen clothes can be both business office and cozy home. At good care the product will last a long time and will not lose its shape and properties.