The first analogues of heels, according to scientists, appeared around the 12th century. This element of shoes at that time was a small hard blotches that were supposed to be nailed to the shoes.

At that time, heels were worn mainly by men: the fact is that thanks to such a detail, it was much easier for riders to keep their feet in the stirrup even during a fast race.

A few years later, high-heeled shoes "migrated" wardrobe. There are several theories about who exactly created them. It is popularly believed that heels were invented in the 17th century from the Spanish city of Cordoba, moreover, no one can name the masters now. According to another version, they were created by Madame Pompadour, the world-famous mistress of the French king Louis XVI. The fact is that this lady was not tall and, trying to at least visually correct this shortcoming, wore high shoes with special heels. Her idea seemed so interesting to many court ladies that soon many noble women wore high-heeled shoes.

Who invented the stiletto heel

It is known that until the 1950s. stiletto heels did not yet exist. Nevertheless, although relatively little time has passed since then, no one can already accurately name the inventor of such a popular part. women's shoes. Authorship in this case is attributed to several people at once, including Roger Vivier, Salvatore Ferragamo, Charles Jourdan, Raymond Massaro.

Each of the masters in one way or another influenced the design of modern studs. Although it is impossible to say which of them invented thin high heels, it is safe to say that they all contributed to the improvement of this shoe detail.

Creator of the first high heels with a metal rod is considered Salvatore Ferragamo. This Italian designer tried a lot of shoe designs and eventually offered fashionistas luxurious shoes with a metal stiletto shank. However, there is a theory according to which the first such product was invented by Roger Vivier, one of the employees of the fashion house of Christian Dior, who at one time offered a large collection of high-heeled shoes. This theory is also supported by the fact that Roger Vivier invented for Queen Elizabeth unique heeled sandals adorned with rubies. Finally, some researchers claim that Raymone Massaro invented stiletto heels when he made exclusive shoes for Marlene Dietrich.

17 chose

Hair itself is a decoration of a woman, but ladies of all times and peoples strive to decorate them. different ways. Wreaths, chains, lace bonnets, which the fair sex did not come up with in order to distinguish themselves from the crowd and make them talk about themselves. What jewelry did the girls of antiquity choose and are they very different from modern ones? Let's see!

In ancient Greece, women loved and knew how to decorate their hairstyles. And the simplest and most common item used for this purpose was a wreath. They wove it from flowers, plant leaves, and later also from gold, and put it on on completely different occasions.

But not only women wore wreaths. Men from gladiators to emperors adorned their heads with them. Wreaths, by the way, were considered an excellent remedy for intoxication.

Women ancient world they also wove special strips into their hair, decorated with gold, pearls, mother-of-pearl and precious stones. And in Pompeii, hairpins made of ivory were found.

In ancient Russia, women wore a birch bark hoop. It was covered with fabric and sewn on with flowers, feathers and other decorations donated by nature. Or just embroidered.

And in the country of samurai Japan, even decorations for women's hairstyles were combat - these are small female kansashi stilettos that were used as hairpins, and if necessary, could serve their owner well.

In the Middle Ages, a starched lace cap was popular in Europe, the shape of which was on the conscience of every fashionista.

And at the beginning of the 18th century, girls preferred simple curls, decorated with ribbons, laces or flowers. This fashion was introduced by the Duchess of Shrewsbury, who in 1713 at a reception at Versailles appeared before Louis XIV in a soft manner with simple, slightly curly hair.

By the end of the 18th century, women needed to style their hair great amount time: up to a day. Hairdressers created real works of art on the heads of their clients, cities, ships and even gardens with birds and artificial trees ... Often their own hair was not enough to build such complex hairstyles, so they were borrowed from maids and even horses. It is clear that such hairstyles were worn for more than one day, and sometimes even for several weeks. And Marie Antoinette played an important role in the "hair" fashion. All her life she was famous excellent taste to elegantly styled hair and invented a lot various hairstyles with a special passion.

Gradually, women refuse such elaborate hairstyles.

And the French Revolution overthrew the phantasmagoric hairstyles of women and returned them to simplicity and naturalness.

Today, no girl can do without hair accessories. Let's see what decorations the stars prefer.

Of course, everyone knows that crab sticks are not made from crabs, but still, how did they appear?

The historical homeland of "surimi" is the countries of Southeast Asia. The first written mention of surimi dates back to 1100 and was found in Japan. Translated from Japanese, the word "surimi" means "washed ground fish." Even in those days, people noticed that if you cook minced meat from fresh oceanic white fish, rinse it thoroughly with water and squeeze it out, then delicious products of any shape can be prepared from the resulting mass. The most popular were fish balls or surimi sausages, which became known as Kamaboko. As the culinary arts developed, Japanese chefs invented new and new dishes from surimi. Since surimi does not have a smell and a pronounced taste, they began to use it to imitate various seafood. At the same time, various food dyes, flavors and herbs were added, various fillings were used in surimi products. For a very long time, Kamaboko remained a culinary art. The history of its industrial production began in Japan in the 70s of the last century. As a result of the centuries-old development of this culinary tradition, there are thousands of types of surimi products in Japan today.

In the manufacture of this product, minced meat (surimi) was used. Translated from Japanese, the word "surimi" means washed fish mixture.

Surimi is prepared from high-quality raw materials - for the production of surimi, only white cod fish fillet, cleaned of skin and bones, is used. In the manufacture of minced meat, fat and cholesterol are almost completely removed, only the most valuable things are preserved: pure protein, iodine, iron. At the final stage of the preparation of the product, the meat, to which egg white, starch and natural crab extract are previously added, is shaped into the finished product, tinted with food coloring, frozen and packaged.
The nutritional and energy value of surimi products depends on the type of fish being processed and the percentage of pure minced fish in the finished product. It is recommended to use surimi products for salads, various sea cocktails, sushi, as well as for preparing second courses and soups. The composition of the sticks, with all their diversity, is approximately the same: MINUTED FISH SURimi, purified drinking water, starch, deodorized vegetable oil, egg and vegetable protein, salt, sugar, various food additives (natural or identical) under three-digit indices. All of them are also listed on the label: thickeners, flavors, dyes, flavor enhancers... Due to sugar, starch, and other substances, 12-15 grams of carbohydrates accumulate for every 100 grams of product. Although in natural crabs - 0 carbohydrates.

So in fact, the favorite component of many Russian salads is a simple imitation of noble meat.

How is surimi and its products made?

Despite the fact that the domestic consumer has been familiar with crab sticks for over 20 years, he still does not understand the meaning of the word "surimi". At the same time, surimi is a fundamental component of crab sticks, without which their production is impossible. There is an opinion that surimi is a product obtained from fish processing waste, and for this reason crab sticks are a tasty but not healthy product. However, this is not so. Surimi is a concentrated fish protein, purified from fats, blood, enzymes, instant components of fish meat. As a pure protein, surimi has a high gelling ability and elasticity. Surimi has White color and has no pronounced taste and smell. Surimi is made only from fillets of freshly caught ocean fish of certain species. The fish must be processed into surimi no later than 6-10 hours from the moment it was caught. The fish fillet should be low in fat, high in density, white in color and free of dark meat. For this reason, not all fish species are suitable for surimi production. The highest quality surimi is produced from cod species (pollock, hake, blue whiting) and from some tropical fish (itoyori, croaker). Suitable for the production of surimi are also Pacific horse mackerel, sardine, giant squid, eso, etc. However, surimi produced from these breeds either has a lower gel-forming power or has more dark color. In the production of surimi, fish fillets do not undergo heat treatment, due to which all the vitamins and microelements that are so rich in seafood are preserved in surimi.

A little bit from the history of the industrial production of crab sticks:

1970s.
In the Japanese market, there is a growing shortage of natural crab meat, an essential attribute of the national cuisine. Its prices are skyrocketing. For this reason, based on traditional recipes For Kamaboko, Japanese chefs develop a product that imitates natural crab meat in taste and texture. The product is called "Kani-Kamaboko", i.e. fish fillet with crab. Within a few years, it not only gains popularity in the local market, but also becomes one of the rare examples of importing traditional Japanese food to the West.
Within 10 years, an entire industry has been emerging in Japan, which includes factories - equipment manufacturers, coastal fish processing factories and several factories for the production of Kamaboko itself. In a short period, an industrial technology is being created to imitate not only crab meat, but also other seafood - shrimp tails, lobsters, sea scallops, squid rings. To provide the new industry with raw materials, an industrial technology for the production of surimi from freshly caught fish is being developed.
In the late 70s, many Kamaboko factories were built in China, South Korea, and other countries of Southeast Asia.

1980s.
The first “crab sticks” appear on the French market in the form in which they are familiar to our consumers. Other products in the Japanese market have not been able to win the interest of the Western consumer to the extent that the "crab stick" has succeeded. Japanese enterprises become the first exporters. At the same time, "crab sticks" are gaining popularity in the United States, where several dozen factories for their production appear by the end of the 80s. At the same time, the first plant in the USSR for the production of crab sticks was being built in Murmansk. To provide the world industry with raw materials, coastal plants and floating bases for the production of surimi in the USA and Canada are actively developed. The main industrial breeds for the production of surimi are pollock, hake and blue whiting. In the late 80s, the plant of the first Western European manufacturer, the PROTIMER company, France, was built.

1990s.
Crab sticks are becoming a mass consumption product in many countries of Western and Eastern Europe. The demand for raw materials is growing sharply. Due to the reduction of quotas for cod species, the industrial production of surimi from other species of marine fish begins. There is a stratification of crab sticks in quality. Along with a high quality product, a product with a low content of surimi is produced, in which all kinds of fish protein substitutes are used. It is this product of dubious quality that is massively imported into the CIS countries from Asia. In the late 90s, several factories for the production of crab sticks were built in the CIS: the Vichunai plant in Lithuania, Makrill in Estonia, ROK and Sea Castle in Russia.

2000s.
There is no doubt that crab sticks are a mass consumption product. It is difficult to find a store that does not have them, ranging from small shops to hypermarkets.

> Here's something else I'll remind you of interesting things about food: do you know what kind and how it appeared The original article is on the website InfoGlaz.rf Link to the article from which this copy is made -

It is difficult to say by whom and when the first hairpin was invented. It is only known for certain that it appeared long before our era.

AT Ancient Egypt hairpins were an indispensable thing. The hairstyles of the pharaohs and those close to them were distinguished by the sophistication and splendor of jewelry: “modest” everyday gold hair accessories were complemented by pearls, gold plates and mother-of-pearl clips on holidays.

In ancient Greece, women decorated their hair with fresh flowers and bright ribbons, and in holidays put diadems on their heads noble metals, inlaid with precious stones.

In Japan, many men used hairpins, seeing in them not only a reliable fixator of samurai hairstyles, but also ... an indispensable weapon. For example, "kansashi" - hairpins in the form of miniature stilettos up to twenty centimeters long - could easily be used as throwing knives. However, such dangerous decorations were held in high esteem only by ninjas and samurai. Ordinary citizens preferred much less extreme jewelry: harmless hairpins and combs.

In Russia, a braid to the waist was considered a national female hairstyle. Braiding the braid, the girls decorated it with ribbons, silk tassels and pendants. And on the forehead, the hair was held with bandages.

In Renaissance Europe, miniature hair ornaments were transformed into huge wire frames and hoops that held impossibly high hairstyles. All these babylons were decorated on the head with precious stones, ribbons, feathers, beads, tortoiseshell combs and ivory hairpins.

Over time, hairstyles began to decrease in size, and by the beginning of the twentieth century, hair length was catastrophically shortened. Feminist-minded ladies preferred chic curls short haircuts and did not recognize bright decorations. Hairpins became inconspicuous, hairpins and ribbons became purely functional things: with their help, they removed an interfering strand or collected hair in an inconspicuous bun or ponytail.

Today, fashion allows you to use any direction from its thousand-year history, because hair jewelry today has become an invariable element of style that completes the image.

Nobility Privilege

In ancient times, beautiful hairpins and bows were the privilege of the nobility. According to legend, the first hair ornaments were obtained as a result of a very curious story. It took place in France, in the seventeenth century. The crown prince of France traveled to Switzerland to propose marriage to the princess there. Already in the suburbs of Paris, his carriage broke down. Annoyed by the stop, the prince amused himself by looking at the products of local artisans, among which were simple hair accessories used by village girls. The carriage was repaired quickly, the princess agreed, and the prince eventually became king. It was then, in gratitude for the long-standing help, that he offered the village craftsmen to become exclusive suppliers of some household goods, including various decorations for the royal court.

Over time, hair ornaments became fashionable among the ladies of the court, and even a custom appeared: for every girl about to get married to have hairpins made especially for her from precious stones and metals among her dowry. And on the site of the small village from which everything started, there is still a factory that produces some of the best hair accessories.

Hairpins yesterday and today

A broken curl, sung by the poet, is just hair unsuccessfully pinned up with a hairpin. Today, decorating and keeping your hair in check is easy and simple. We are armed with machine guns, crabs, combs, exquisite stealths and 1000 years of tradition.

In ancient Egypt, hairpins were also in great fashion. The hairstyles of the pharaohs and those close to them were distinguished by the sophistication and splendor of decorations. Modest (only gold) everyday hair ornaments on holidays were complemented by pearls, gold plates, mother-of-pearl clips. In ancient Greece, the official ceremonial hairstyles of women were fixed with the help of diadems made of precious metals with precious stones. Simpler hairstyles were decorated with ribbons and flowers.

In Japan, hairpins were used even by men, and quite often - for dual purposes, at the same time as a weapon. The hairstyles of female ninjas were decorated with elegant hairpins in the form of miniature stilettos up to 20 cm long - kansashi, with which they pierced the throat of the victim. In extreme cases, such hairpins could be used as throwing knives. However, ordinary Japanese women's hairpins were not so extreme. Intricate geisha hairstyles were embellished large quantity hairpins and combs, and more refined geisha wore less jewelry in their hair, but those that were available cost more than all the simpler geisha hairpins.

In Russia, girls braided their hair, decorating it with ribbons, silk tassels, and pendants. On the forehead, the hair was held with bandages.

In Renaissance Europe, a kind of hairpin revolution took place. Hairstyles were made of huge sizes, using wire frames, hoops, and all these babylons were densely decorated with all kinds of ribbons, feathers, precious stones, beads, ivory hairpins, tortoiseshell combs.

In the 20th century, feminism began to triumph throughout the world. Women cut their hair short and the maximum that they used as hair ornaments was hoops. Hairpins have become invisible, hairpins and ribbons have become purely functional things, they are used only to remove an interfering strand, to collect hair in an inconspicuous bun or ponytail.

Today, hair ornaments are becoming an element of style, an extra touch to the image. Fashion allows you to use any direction from its thousand-year history - bright flowers in hippie style, ethnic motifs, oriental crests and stilettos, fortunately no longer a murder weapon. Precious and semiprecious stones are used both for exquisite jewelry in the spirit of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and for creating kitsch images. Headbands and combs are made of plastic, often painted to look like turtle or wood if used. classic style, or decorating with feathers and stones, if the avant-garde is preferable. Invisibles have long lost their invisibility, although some varieties are still difficult to notice in the hair, and they faithfully serve as assistants in the preparation of complex hairstyles, in simpler hairstyles they sparkle with rhinestones and are painted in all sorts of colors. Hairpins, diving into the depths of the hair, do not forget to coquettishly expose a ball of fluff or a pebble, turning the hair into a jewel-encrusted masterpiece.

The most popular materials for hairpins are iron and plastic. Thanks to them, hairpins are cheap enough to change them every day, and durable enough that you don’t have to say goodbye to your favorite hairpin too quickly. Crabs and crocodiles are not in vain so named - they cling to even the most naughty hair, but in order not to damage them, they are made of plastic. One can recall with horror the last century, when black rubber rings were considered rubber bands. They pulled hair to a squeak and were ugly and harmful. Now elastic bands can be modestly hidden in the hair or be so huge that you can see your child's ponytails from afar!

Grace Kelly, Maria Callas, were fond of the brand before you,

Audrey Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Romy Schneider, Greta Garbo and Sophia Loren.

The masters of Alexandre de Paris invented the “crab hairpin” (barrette crabe) and wide scrunchy “shu-shu” (chou-chou), which have become popular all over the world, so you can definitely trust them and we already do it. No plastic is used in the production of the collections. The basis of each product is "rhodoid" - a special type of polymer resin, which has high strength and is easily amenable to the most complex and intricate painting methods.

The collections also use lace, velvet, silk, Swarosvki crystals and natural pearls. And everyone is here - self made. The Moscow boutique will present seasonal collections, the classic base line and the Pince Vendome line of miniature hairpins. Brand director Sebastian Bailey is convinced that Moscow beauties will not bypass this place. Moreover, the space of the store, decorated in white with splashes of matte gold, is conducive to unhurried shopping and, of course, relaxation.