Inga Vasilyeva

Expert in the selection of protective equipment

Those times have not yet been erased from memory when, to clean hands from industrial pollution, workers were given soda, soap, and even washing powder. The main and only protection of the hands were mittens and there was no question of any special means. Only at the beginning of the new millennium, the Ministry of Labor issued Decree No. 45 of July 4, 2003, obliging employers to provide workers not only with soap, but with special cleaning pastes, creams for protecting and regenerating hand skin. On the this moment Decree No. 45 has become invalid and the Order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia No. 1122N dated December 17, 2010 is currently in force.

This document highlights the types of flushing and (or) neutralizing agents, the name of the work and production factors, and the rate of issue per 1 employee per month.

The main document regulating the requirements for dermatological hand protection is the technical regulation of the Customs Union. All protective equipment is divided by purpose into the following groups:

- protection

- cleansing

- regeneration

Only the use of a full range of products allows you to provide full protection and regeneration of the skin after contact with hazardous materials and substances.

Protective cream - an alternative to gloves?

Working with aggressive substances requires special hand protection. Most often, special gloves become such protection. It is far from always convenient to perform manipulations with hands and fingers while wearing gloves: hands sweat due to impaired air exchange, the sensitivity of the fingers becomes worse. In some situations, it is quite possible to replace them with a protective cream (of course, if this is not work with especially dangerous substances).

The task of the protective agent is to prevent the penetration of harmful substances to the surface of the skin. Depending on the type of pollution, the type of protective cream is selected.

Protective equipment is of the following types:

hydrophobic

hydrophilic

Combined (universal) action

From exposure to low temperatures and wind

From exposure to ultraviolet radiation ranges A; AT; With

From the influence of biological factors (insects and microorganisms)

Hydrophobic creams are applied at the enterprises where workers often contact with water-soluble substances. Such substances include solutions of acids, salts and alkalis, fertilizers, detergents and disinfectants, solutions of lime and cement. When applying such a cream on the skin of the hands, a water-repellent layer is formed, which prevents the contact of harmful substances with the skin. Wash off the hydrophobic cream from your hands with a cleansing gel or paste.

Example. Protective hydrophobic cream ARMAKON Servolin Protect can be used as an independent protective agent or together with rubber gloves. When applied, it forms a thin, transparent film on the skin that prevents the penetration of chemical irritants.

Hydrophilic creams protect against contamination by substances insoluble in water. These include varnishes, paints, resins, petroleum and oil products, carbon black and graphite. When applied to the hands, a breathable film is formed, which prevents corrosive dirt from being absorbed into the skin. The hydrophilic cream is easily washed off with warm water and soap.

Example. Protective hydrophilic cream ARMAKON Servolin contains substances blocking harmful effect chemical irritants The cream is quickly absorbed without leaving a sticky feeling, and greatly facilitates cleaning of the skin of the hands after work.

Products that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties are called universal or combined action. They are ideal for working in conditions of pollution of various origins.

Example. De-12 Cream effectively protects the skin from the effects of aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, lime, cement, disinfectants, fertilizers, solvents, technical oils, paints, and petroleum products. It is quickly absorbed and forms a breathable protective microfilm on the skin, as a result of which the penetration of pollutants does not occur.

Protect skin from insects, namely mosquitoes, horseflies, fleas, midges and other bloodsucking will help quality repellents. Substances of natural and synthetic origin are designed to repel animals, which makes it possible to provide more comfortable conditions work in the summer, outdoors.

Contact repellents can be presented as ointments, sprays, lotions, creams or emulsions. Their action can be deterrent or masking. Active active substances against insects can be chemical compounds such as diethyltoluamide, oxamate, carbocide, dimethyl phthalate.

Example. The repellent ARMAKON Kamara Antiklesh in the form of a spray can be used to protect against any blood-sucking insects. The composition of the spray includes a whole range of highly effective components. Forms a thin film when applied to the skin. The repelling effect lasts more than 4 hours, after which it is necessary to use the spray again.

UV Protection, the source of which can be both the scorching summer sun and welding equipment. Large doses of ultraviolet light can lead to pigmentation, aging and skin burns. Moreover, doctors believe that prolonged exposure to UV rays can trigger the development of skin cancer. To avoid these troubles, you should use special creams with UV protection.

The composition of such creams includes one or more light filters of physical and chemical origin, which reflect, absorb or scatter UV rays of various ranges. In addition, creams contain substances that moisturize and soften the skin, as well as antioxidants.

An alternative option for protecting the skin while working outdoors in the summer will be a universal remedy with insect and ultraviolet protection at the same time.

Example. Cream ARMAKON SVETOVIT (on request) of combined action reliably protects the skin from corrosive pollution of any type, and is also effective for protecting against UV radiation A, B and C ranges of any origin. Protection factor - SPF 30.

The aggressive impact of external factors negatively affects the condition of the skin of the hands of workers whose activities are associated with a long stay in the open air, with constant contact with harmful substances. This can cause pathological skin disorders, with prolonged exposure to frost and wind, the skin of the hands and face loses moisture. As a result of such exposure, peeling and cracks appear. To restore damaged skin and restore its elasticity, it is necessary to use a regenerating cream.

Clean hands at work

Any industrial activity is a source of pollution of varying degrees of stability. To remove light dirt from your hands, just wash them in warm water and soap. You can't get rid of grease, grime, silicone, paint or oil with just soap. For such purposes, you will need a special tool.

What is the ideal hand sanitiser? One of the most important components of a cleanser is an abrasive. With the help of an abrasive, dead skin cells are easily exfoliated, and with them the stubborn dirt. Can be used as an abrasive natural materials: crushed apricot kernels and nutshells, salt and volcanic sand. Artificial polymers in the form of microgranules are also used.

The cleanser completely removes working impurities without injuring the skin.

The basis of the cleanser is most often a gel or paste, the composition includes various components that allow you to cleanse the skin without damaging it, such as glycerin, vegetable oils, oleic acid, etc.

High-quality cleansing pastes do not contain solvents, harmful dyes and preservatives. The use of modern cleaning agents does not require a large amount of water, which is important for work sites with no water supply.

Example.Paste ARMAKON LIMEKS is intended for cleaning hands from all types of hard-to-remove dirt. Abrasive particles from crushed walnut shells do not have sharp edges, so they easily and painlessly remove dead cells, stimulating skin renewal. The paste contains vegetable oils that soften, nourish and moisturize the hands. Suitable for daily use.

Creams with a regenerating effect

Regenerating agents restore the integrity of the skin after working with aggressive materials and substances and the negative impact of the environment. Its task is to supply the skin with the necessary moisturizing and nourishing substances and stimulate the process of tissue regeneration.

The composition of the regenerating cream includes substances with a healing effect (keratin, allantoin, liquid paraffin), components that slow down the loss of moisture (glycerin), as well as vitamins and vegetable oils to nourish the skin. Due to its deep action, the cream helps to quickly restore the lost integrity and elasticity of the skin, protect it from negative environmental influences.

Example. Regenerating regenerating cream ARMAKON Velum is intended for the skin of the hands and face. It contains a unique nutrient complex Armakon® Nutrio Pro-V, which allows you to quickly restore the integrity of the skin after working in bad weather and with chemicals.

Who is eligible for dermatological protection products?

It must be remembered that the purchase of flushing and (or) neutralizing agents is mandatory and is carried out at the expense of the employer.

Dermatological skin protection products - cleansing pastes, protective and regenerating creams are required by workers whose activities are associated with aggressive and difficult to wash off dirt, grease, oil, oil products, oils, chemicals, adhesives and bitumen, etc. The choice of means should take into account the specifics of the enterprise, the type of pollution, working conditions. All funds must be of high quality and meet the requirements of state or international standards.

According to Appendix N1 to the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia dated December 17, 2010 N1122n (as amended on February 20, 2014), the table below shows the norms for the free issue of flushing and (or) neutralizing agents to employees

The skin is the main defender of our body, so it suffers the most from bad ecology! “Because of exhaust gases, epidermal cells are destroyed and elasticity is lost, dust clogs pores and provokes the appearance of acne, ultraviolet accelerates photoaging,” Fiore beauty salon cosmetologist Maria Utkina states disappointing facts. “And because of dry air and chemical emissions, the protective layer is broken.” Dehydration, dull color, irritation, hypersensitivity - noticed one of these signs? So, you should do the rescue right now!

PURE TRUTH

Experts are sure that the main task of a resident of the metropolis is to thoroughly cleanse her face and not neglect lotions! “Gels, foams, milk not only wash off decorative cosmetics, but also dissolve dust, dirt, break down sebaceous secretion, remove dead cells,” explains Elena Samokhvalova, cosmetologist at the Ottimo clinic. “And tonics and lotions refresh and soothe by restoring pH.” In principle, the texture can be anything, but Clarins expert Marie-Helene Lehr advises to pay attention to oil and milk: “When you apply them with massaging movements, the product gets deep into the pores and as a result acts much more effectively.” And the beautician of the Helen Baden clinic, Ekaterina Andrianova, recommends enzyme peels, roll-on gels and devices for home cleansing of the face.

Facial products: 1 / Protective cream Cellular Performance Day Cream, Sensai, 7260 rubles. 2 / Protective agent Ecran Multi-Protection SPF 50, Clarins, 2500 rubles. 3/ Lotion Bamboo Splash, Erborian, 2250 rubles. 4 / Antioxidant serum Bright Now Vitamin C Hyaluronic Essence, Lumene, 849 rubles. 5/ Corrective serum Skin Best, Biotherm, 5090 rubles. 6 / Antioxidant face cream "Vitamin E", Librederm, 130 rubles.

THE FIFTH ELEMENT

Important point: look for the words city, anti-pollution, detox on the packages. And in the composition - vitamins, antioxidants and hyaluronic acid. “Healthy skin with an intact lipid barrier is more resistant to negative environmental influences,” says Ekaterina Andrianova. “And to restore it, you need funds with ceramides and phospholipids.” Another assistant in this matter is low molecular weight hyaluronic acid. “She is able to create a kind of hydro-reserve in the epidermis,” explains Maria Utkina. “For vascular fragility or severe rosacea, day and night creams should include strengthening ingredients, such as ascorbic acid, horse chestnut or green tea extracts.” As for free radicals, which adversely affect the level of collagen, it is worth fighting them with the help of antioxidants - vitamins A, C and E. By the way, they can and should be included in the diet! “One of the best sources is freshly squeezed cranberry juice,” advises wellness coach Mariel Alix. “It contains tocotrienols (powerful derivatives of vitamin E) and vitamin C.” And, of course, don't forget the SPF. “The factor prevents premature formation of wrinkles and age spots, - Elena Samokhvalova assures. - But the presence of too high SPF in the cream does not mean its effectiveness! The optimal level for urban conditions is SPF 30.

SALON CULTURE

However home care- only part of the struggle for beauty! “During bad ecology and bad weather, dead cells are kept as additional protection,” says Maria Utkina. - The stratum corneum becomes thicker, giving the face a pale, grayish tint. Therefore, first of all, peeling (acid or chemical) is necessary - however, not more often than once every 7-10 days. After it, the skin immediately becomes pink, supple and smooth. Another way is biorevitalization: “ Hyaluronic acid and peptides will enhance the protective properties and cope with the damage that has already occurred,” adds Ekaterina Andrianova. Grazia believes that with such an army of means, the outcome of the battle must be successful!

Facial products: 1 / Foundation City Radiance, Bourjois, 669 rubles. 2 / Cleansing emulsion Creamy Cleansing Emulsion, Shiseido, 3550 rubles. 3 / Polyphenol protective serum, Caudalie, 3400 rubles. 4/ Detox serum Vax’In for Youth City Skin Solution, Givenchy, 5720 rubles. 5/ "Light Reactivator" Elixir 7.9, Yves Rocher, 1490 rubles. 6 / Night detox remedy Normaderm Nuit Detox, Vichy, 860 rubles.

Condition and appearance The skin is the key to our health and well being. When the skin is healthy, it functions intensively to protect our body from bacteria and viruses, regulates temperature and appearance, feels smooth, not irritated, well hydrated and has a beautiful color.

There are many factors - both internal and external - that affect the health of the skin and how it looks and feels. Some of them we cannot change, but most of them we can. Taking good care of your skin helps keep it healthy and looking younger for longer.

Internal (endogenous) factors

Internal factors that affect the skin include genetics, hormones, and special conditions such as diabetes.

Genetics. Your genetic makeup determines your skin type. The genetic characteristics of a person determine the type of skin (normal, dry, oily or combination) and affect its overall skin condition, as well as cause biological aging of the skin.

Genetic and biological skin aging

Genetic features also determine the biological aging of the skin, which is characterized by:

• Deterioration of the process of cell regeneration and their renewal.
• Reducing secretions from the sebaceous and sweat glands.
• Degenerative processes of connective tissue, as a result of which the skin becomes less able to bind water molecules and loses its elasticity.
• Regeneration of elastic fibers, which leads to a decrease in skin elasticity.

Biological skin aging should not be confused with premature skin aging, which is caused by external factors and can be influenced.

Predisposition to skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and ichthyosis is also genetically determined. For example, in those born with a genetic deficiency in filaggrin (a protein found in the skin), the skin has a weak barrier function and is prone to hypersensitivity and atopic dermatitis. With such a tendency, the skin is easier to stress and external influences. Therefore, it is extremely important to adhere to proper daily skin care. Read more in the articles dry skin and atopic dermatitis.

There are diseases, such as diabetes and kidney failure, that can affect the condition of the skin.

Many external factors can affect the skin and lead to skin diseases.

Hormones.

Hormonal changes can affect the skin and cause acne.

Hormones and changes in their levels can have a significant effect on the skin:

• Hormonal changes can cause acne during puberty.
• During pregnancy, hormones can contribute to increased melanin production and a form of hyperpigmentation known as melasma.
• Women's estrogen levels decrease with biological aging and especially after menopause. Estrogen favorably affects the moisture balance in the skin, so its decrease leads to structural changes and age-related atrophy of the skin.

External (exogenous) factors

There are many external factors that affect skin health. These factors are determined environment, general health and the way of life that we adhere to.

Ultraviolet radiation
Free radicals are aggressive molecules that are responsible for the oxidative process that causes damage to cells in body tissues. Healthy skin contains antioxidants that protect it by neutralizing free radicals.

In the epidermis, free radicals are formed mainly due to the negative effects of UV rays. Under normal conditions and under conditions of limited exposure to UV rays, the skin's defense mechanisms are mostly able to cope with the problem. If the sun exposure is prolonged, the defense mechanisms are weakened. The skin becomes sensitive and prone to disease. Exposure to the sun without protection for many years leads to chronic photoinductive damage to the skin, and ultimately to premature skin aging.

Temperature
Extreme temperatures and their rapid change affect the health of the skin.

In cold conditions, the skin reacts by constricting blood vessels to protect the body from losing excess heat. Sustained low temperatures reduce the performance of the sebaceous glands and cause skin irritation and dryness. Read more in the article dry skin.

Cold weather can cause dry skin.

Use warm, not hot water. Hot water can irritate the skin.

In hot and humid environments (such as in tropical countries or in a sauna), sweat glands produce more sweat, keeping the skin moist and shiny, and in some cases lead to acne.

Some skin conditions, such as rosacea, can be caused by high temperatures. This is one of the reasons why it is recommended to use warm rather than hot water for facial cleansing, hand washing and bathing.

Chemical effects on the skin

Aggressive Products
The skin has a slightly acidic natural reaction with a pH of 5. Aggressive cleansers (such as sodium lauryl sulfate and alkaline pH moisturizers) destroy the natural neutralizing properties of the skin, damage the cell structure and reduce the barrier function of the outer layer of the epidermis. As a result, the skin can dry out and become vulnerable to infections and exacerbations of diseases such as atopic dermatitis.

Some species chemical peeling can have similar effects, so it's important to consult a dermatologist to make sure a particular treatment is right for your skin.

Some people are especially sensitive to aggressive foods:

• Young children and the elderly: Young and old skin less stable because the activity of the sebaceous glands is either not yet fully developed or is in decline. Read more in the article skin at different ages.
• Those exposed to chemicals in the workplace: Professionals such as hairdressers, masons and industrial workers are in constant contact with detergents, solvents, varnishes and paints, all of which are harmful to the skin.

.

Harsh chemicals and skin peels can damage the pH balance of the skin. Those who work with chemicals must provide special skin care.

Washing too often
Showering or bathing too often, for too long, and with too hot water results in the loss of the skin's natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) and surface lipids. The skin dries out and becomes rough. Learn more about body skin care and daily facial skin care.

It is known that some drugs and medical procedures cause skin dryness by-effect. It is also important to drink plenty of water, especially for older people.

Nutrition
A balanced diet will help keep your skin healthy. There isn't much information out there about which foods are best for keeping skin healthy, but still:

• Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins (fish instead of meat) are great for skin.
• A diet rich in vitamin C and low in fat and carbohydrates can help skin look younger.
• Antioxidant-rich foods also have protective properties. These include: yellow and orange fruits and vegetables (eg carrots and apricots), blueberries, green leafy vegetables (eg spinach), tomatoes, peas, beans and lentils, fish (especially salmon), nuts.
• Diets that exclude certain food groups and their nutritional value are not good for skin health. It is also advisable to limit the consumption of sweets and dairy products. Drinking plenty of water is important, especially for the elderly.

There is no clear relationship between nutrition and the causes of acne.

Therapeutic measures
Certain medications (such as chemotherapy, diuretics, laxatives, and lipid-lowering drugs sometimes taken to treat heart disease) and medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and dialysis) can make skin more sensitive and prone to dryness.

Lifestyle for skin health

A healthy lifestyle can help slow down the natural aging process and prevent skin problems:

Avoid stress

Uncontrolled stress can make the skin more sensitive and cause skin problems, including acne. It is necessary to get rid of stress: reduce stress, find time for leisure, and relaxation can help stress.

Exercise
Regular physical exercise positively affect the health of the skin, as well as the state of the body as a whole.

sleep enough
Healthy sleep gives the body a chance to recover and thus promotes skin renewal.

Quit smoking
Tobacco smoke is the main source of free radical formation in the skin. Smoking causes the skin to look older and premature wrinkles appear due to:

• Narrowing of tiny blood vessels in the inner layers of the skin. This reduces blood flow and deprives the skin of oxygen and nutrients such as vitamin A.
• Negative effect on collagen and elastin: fibers that provide firmness and elasticity to the skin.

3.3.3 Skin protection

Skin protection means are intended to protect open areas of the skin, clothing, equipment and footwear from droplet-liquid agents, infectious agents, radioactive dust, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are divided into service (OZK, L-1, etc.) and improvised (items of household clothing).

Filtering skin protection products include, for example, a set of filtering clothes ZFO-58. Protective clothing made of filter materials is intended for permanent or occasional wear. The basis of this clothing is cotton uniforms treated with a special chemical composition. According to its sanitary and hygienic properties, it is suitable for everyday wear.

Insulating skin protection products made of airtight materials can be airtight (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of toxic agents) and partially or completely leaky (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.), which mainly protect from drop-liquid agents: OZK kit, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit. The time spent in insulating clothing is limited due to a violation of thermoregulation processes and depends on weather conditions.

As improvised means to protect the skin, ordinary, everyday clothing (tracksuits, raincoats, mittens, boots) can be used. The protective properties of clothing are significantly enhanced by soaking with a soap-oil emulsion (for its preparation, 1 piece laundry soap crushed on a grater and dissolved in 0.5 l vegetable oil).

3.3 4 Medical personal protective equipment

Medical personal protective equipment (MSPE) is designed to prevent and provide medical care population affected by damaging factors (ionizing radiation, toxic substances and biological agents). These include radioprotectors, antidotes and antibacterial agents, partial sanitization agents.

Radioprotectors - substances that reduce the degree of exposure to ionizing radiation (for example, cystamine). Complexons, adsorbents that prevent the absorption of PB into the blood and promote their rapid removal from the body (for example, potassium iodide) can be used as fairly effective medical means of protection against radioactive substances that have entered the body.

Antidotes (antidotes) - substances that prevent or weaken the action of agents. There are no universal antidotes. There are antidotes for nerve agents (Athens, Taren, Atropine, etc.), hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides (amyl nitrite, propyl nitrite), etc.

Antibacterial agents are divided into non-specific prophylaxis (antibiotics and interferons) and specific prophylaxis (sera, vaccines, toxoids, bacteriophages).

The personnel MCIS include:

Individual first-aid kit (AI-2) - contains a complex of preparations (medicines) that prevent or reduce the impact on the human body of ionizing radiation, RH, BS, shock prevention;

Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) - is used for partial sanitization of open areas of the skin and adjacent clothing in case of contact with drop-liquid or foggy agents, PB, bacterial aerosols;

Individual dressing bag - used to dress wounds, burns, as well as stop some types of bleeding.

3.4 Organization of evacuation measures

Evacuation activities are carried out only by order of the government, regional and local administrations.

There are three types of evacuation measures: dispersal, partial evacuation and general evacuation.

In order to differentiate these activities, the population is divided into three groups. The first group consists of workers and employees of categorized objects of the national economy, enterprises with a continuous production process and strategically important objects (objects of energy, metallurgy, automotive industry, etc.). The second group includes workers and employees of industries not related to the above. The third group includes the population not employed in the sphere of production and services (students, pupils, children, unemployed).

Dispersal - organized removal (withdrawal) from settlements and placement in a safe zone of workers and employees of categorized objects of the national economy, continuing economic activities in the affected area; this group of workers and employees works in shifts in the affected area, and rests in the safe area.

Evacuation - organized removal or withdrawal from settlements and placement in a safe zone of workers and employees of facilities that have stopped or transferred their national economic activity, as well as the population not employed in the production sector.

In some cases, partial evacuation of the population not employed in production is envisaged (risk group - children, pregnant women, etc.).

Evacuation bodies are created to organize dispersal and evacuation measures.

The functions of the evacuation commissions (EC) include planning and organizing evacuation activities (dispersal, transport, medical and consumer services, accommodation, employment, etc.).

Prefabricated evacuation points are designed to collect, register and send the population to a safe zone. They are deployed in schools, clubs and other public buildings.

Intermediate evacuation points are organized in case of evacuation in a combined way and are intended for short-term rest of the arriving population, heating, food, medical care and sending to places of resettlement.

Evacuation commissions are created in administrative bodies to organize the reception and accommodation of the population arriving from dangerous areas.

Reception evacuation points are organized by the forces of rural (urban) areas near the points of disembarkation of evacuees; they are designed to ensure the reception, registration and direct resettlement of arriving people.

Landing points serve to send the population by rail, road and water transport to a safe zone; are created at railway stations, water stations, ports, etc.

The landing points are located near the places of resettlement of the evacuated population.

Dispersal and evacuation are usually carried out in a combined way, that is, the mass withdrawal of the population on foot is combined with the removal of certain categories of the population by all modes of transport, including personal.

Foot columns are formed from 500 to 1000 people. Motorcades include up to 20 cars. Compositions of passenger trains are increased to 20 wagons, freight trains - up to 30.

Organization and discipline, timely and strict fulfillment of all requirements and instructions of the administration of the assembly evacuation point are the basic rules for the behavior of the population.

The population of the object about the beginning of the evacuation is notified through enterprises, institutions, educational establishments, operating organizations of housing and communal services, police, radio broadcasting network and local television. During the movement of the evacuated population, one of the modes of transport for each echelon (vessel) is assigned to the head of the echelon (vessel), for the convoy - the senior convoy, for each railway car - the senior car.

For the organized movement of foot columns, a diagram of their route is developed, which indicates the composition of the columns, the route of movement, the starting point, traffic control points and the time of their passage; areas and duration of halts; medical and heating points; intermediate evacuation point; the procedure and terms for the withdrawal (removal) of the column from this point to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bpermanent deployment; control and warning signals.

The movement of foot columns is carried out along predetermined routes with a length of one daily transition (10–12 hours of movement). The speed of movement of foot columns is 4-5 km / h. Every 1–1.5 hours, small halts (10–15 min) are provided, at the beginning of the second half of the daily transition, a large halt (1–2 h) is arranged.

The following tasks are assigned to the reception evacuation commissions and reception settlements of rural areas: meeting the arrived population, distributing it to settlements, providing the first necessary assistance, and organizing the dispatch of people to quartering places. For the first two days, people should eat stocks of food brought (brought) with them.

The evacuated population is recruited to work in rural areas and at enterprises that have been taken out of the city and continue to work in the countryside.

The population and the territory of the Earth with numerous objects of economy are subject to the negative impacts of more than 50 hazardous natural and man-made processes.

Depending on specific natural and climatic conditions and heliophysical factors, each year (or a number of years) the risk of some of them increases and the risk of others decreases.

Currently, there is a tendency to reduce the number of natural disasters and emergencies of a natural and man-made nature in the territory Russian Federation. This positive trend is caused by both natural and socio-economic reasons, which consist in the progressive development of the Russian economy in the last 3 years and an increase in spending on current and capital protective measures.

From the point of view of the possibility of carrying out preventive measures, hazardous natural processes, as a source of emergency situations, can be predicted with a very short lead time. Nevertheless, we can talk about the general features of the natural background of 2006, against which events will develop. This background will preserve, on the whole, the global patterns laid down at the beginning of the 21st century.

AT last years In connection with the general trends of climate change, warming is observed almost throughout Russia. This trend is most clearly seen in the Asian sector of Russia, where the risk of droughts and fires in forest areas is increasing. In addition, the cycle of increased solar activity will continue in 2006, which allows us to expect an increase in the frequency of severe winters. As a result, on the one hand, there is an increased risk of winter time periods with special dangerous temperature(below minus 30 degrees), and on the other hand, especially dangerous snowfalls and ice phenomena are less likely to occur in severe winters.

An increase in the frequency of unfavorable short-term events (out-of-hours periods of abnormally warm weather and frosts, strong winds and snowfalls, etc.) is predicted. A decrease in the frequency of especially dangerous heavy rains and prolonged rains, and other especially dangerous phenomena associated with moisture is expected. The decrease in the period of weather changes noted in recent years - 3-4 days versus the usual 6-7 days - will cause certain difficulties in predicting natural hydrometeorological phenomena, which will affect the degree of promptness of warning about them and, to a greater extent, the possibility of predicting their consequences.

In general, based on an integral assessment of the regions' response to natural disasters, the highest potential for the development of natural emergencies will remain in the Southern and Far Eastern Federal Districts (40-50 emergencies each). In 10 constituent entities of the Russian Federation located in these districts, the number of emergencies will be from 7 to 15 per year (the maximum number in the Krasnodar Territory is 10-15 emergencies). In 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the number of natural emergencies is predicted to be no more than five per year.

Taking into account the main trends in the accident rate in industries and the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, it is predicted that the downward trend in the number of man-made emergencies will continue.

The largest number of man-made emergencies is predicted in the Central (150-170) and Northwestern (140-150) federal districts; first of all, in 5 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: in Moscow, the Leningrad region, in St. Petersburg (50-70 each), in the Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions (40-50 each).

AT overall structure man-made emergencies will prevail: fires in the residential sector and at industrial facilities (42-44%), major car accidents (12-14%), accidents in utility life support systems (11-13%).

An analysis of emergency situations shows that the negative factors of man-caused and natural nature are becoming more and more widespread and represent one of the most real threats to ensuring the stable socio-economic development of the country, improving the quality of life of the population, and strengthening the national security of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, it seems appropriate to focus the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations on improving the regulatory legal and methodological framework, developing and implementing measures for engineering, radiation, chemical and biomedical protection, and ensuring fire safety. , preserving the life and health of people at water bodies, as well as on the formation of a culture of safety for the life of the population and the development of a system of informing and alerting the population.

Used Books

1. GOST R 22.3.03-94 Safety in emergency situations. Protection of the population. Basic provisions

2. Alekseev V.S., Ivanyukov M.I. Fundamentals of life safety Publisher: "Dashkov and K", 2008

3. S. V. Petrov, V. A. Makashev Dangerous situations of technogenic nature and protection against them: ENAS; Moscow; 2008

This terrorist act, but taking into account the thoroughness of its preparation, which can lead to increased negative consequences. CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICS OF MEASURES TO PROTECT THE POPULATION IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS DUE TO TERRORISM ACTS 2.1 Measures taken in advance to prevent terrorist acts Legal measures: Development and adoption of legal and ...

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Being constantly open, the face is continuously exposed to the influence of the external environment. To look young, the skin of the face must be protected with the help of special cosmetics. In the first place among them are day creams.
Day creams should not be confused with nourishing creams, as they are made on a different basis. All day creams are divided into oil-free, bold and protective. Unlike nutrients, they do not penetrate deep into the skin, but form a soft film on its surface that protects the pores from pollution.
As a rule, day creams have a light texture, therefore, slightly absorbed, they make the skin matte. These cosmetics Can be used on its own or as a base for powder.
I advise you to apply a small amount of cream, carefully applying it over the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin of the face. This should be done immediately before makeup and 30-40 minutes before leaving the house. If you apply an excess amount of day cream on the skin, makeup will suffer: the powder will clump, and the foundation will be distributed unevenly. Therefore, accidentally formed excess should be blotted with a clean cloth.
Make-up will turn out to be of better quality, and the skin will be provided good protection if you follow certain rules when applying a day cream. First, it is recommended to apply a small amount of cream to the skin with light stroking movements (according to massage lines). Then, with a wrung out cotton swab, which was previously moistened in a weak solution of tea or water acidified with lemon, you need to easily, without pressure, pass over the entire skin of the face, starting from the chin and ending with the tip of the nose. After some time, there will be a feeling of coolness and some tightness of the skin. At this point, you can apply foundation or powder.
Some women use special powder emulsions or cosmetics replacing them as a protective agent. It is not recommended to use them regularly, since they are essentially non-greasy creams and contain water, as well as special drying components, that is, they can cause skin peeling.
The skin suffers the most in winter when it is exposed to strong wind and frost. It is not recommended to wash your face or lubricate your face with cream just before going outside. Only half an hour after applying the cream, the moisture contained in it evaporates and a protective layer forms on the skin.
If you have to be on severe frost You need to take better care of your skin. A special composition of goose fat or interior lard and zinc ointment will help protect it from frostbite.
In spring, the skin of the face usually does not look the best: it peels off, becomes rough and weather-beaten, loses its good color due to a lack of vitamins. As soon as good warm weather sets in, it is recommended to replace oily winter creams with light spring ones. If the skin is not prone to the formation of age spots, then for this period it is better to stop using powder and foundation.
The skin needs special protection summer period. Most of all, at this time of the year, it suffers from an abundance of ultraviolet radiation. As a rule, with the onset of hot days, many women seek to find a tan that is pleasant to the eye. However, tanned skin is not a sign of health. Sunburn is nothing more than a protective reaction of the body to the action of ultraviolet radiation. To resist it, the skin becomes thicker, rougher and produces a protective coloring pigment - melanin. Sun-baked skin becomes dry and rough, and this is a direct path to the formation of wrinkles.
To protect your face from ultraviolet radiation, you can use large-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and special creams with a UV filter. On the beach it is necessary to use a cream with a high degree of protection; when the skin gets used to the ultraviolet a little, you can change the cream to another, the degree of protection of which is not so high. In the evening, after removing the protective film, it is recommended to apply a special cream to the skin, which will help it regain lost moisture.