All mothers and fathers are well aware that vomiting in children is not such a rare occurrence. However, in practice, faced with an attack, many simply get lost and do not know how to give the baby first aid, what to do and where to call. Authoritative children's doctor Yevgeny Komarovsky, the author of numerous articles and books on children's health, tells why vomiting occurs and what adults should do about it.

About vomiting

Vomiting is a protective mechanism, a reflex eruption of the contents of the stomach through the mouth (or through the nose). During an attack, the abdominals contract, the esophagus expands, the stomach itself relaxes and pushes everything in it up the esophagus. This rather complex process regulates the vomiting center, which in all people is located in the medulla oblongata. Most often, vomit is a mixture of undigested food debris and gastric juice. Sometimes they can be observed impurities of pus or blood, bile.

The most common cause of children's vomiting is food poisoning. Vomiting can be observed in various infectious diseases: rotavirus infection, scarlet fever, typhoid.

Less commonly, this problem is triggered by accumulated toxins, this condition can occur with serious kidney disease.

Other causes of vomiting include diseases of the stomach and intestines, neurological diagnoses, and head injuries.

In children, vomiting can often be triggered by strong emotional upheavals.

Kinds

Doctors distinguish several types of children's vomiting:

• Cyclic vomiting (acetonemic).
• Renal.
• Hepatogenic.
• Diabetic.
• Cardiac.
• Psychogenic.
• Cerebral.
• Bloody.

In most cases, vomiting in children begins at night. The baby wakes up with severe nausea. In this situation, it is important not to be afraid and not to get confused. The actions of parents should be calm and confident.

How younger child, the more dangerous vomiting is for him, since dehydration of the body can occur, which for babies can be fatal.

A single vomiting (without any additional symptoms) in a child should not cause much concern for parents, Yevgeny Komarovsky believes. The fact is that in this way the body is “cleansed” of accumulated toxins, food elements that the child could not digest. However, parental inaction can be fraught with tragic consequences in cases where vomiting is repeated, and also if there are other symptoms that indicate disorders in the body.

The most common cause of vomiting in children is food poisoning. Poison in the body of the crumbs can get with different products: dairy, meat, seafood, vegetables and fruits.

In the vast majority of cases gag reflex caused by nitrates and pesticides, used to process fruits and vegetables. Even very high-quality products of meat origin can cause severe poisoning if they are cooked incorrectly.

Yevgeny Komarovsky emphasizes that the first symptoms of food poisoning usually begin to appear between 4 and 48 hours after eating. Quite often, you can stop vomiting, which is provoked by food, on your own, at home.

However, Yevgeny Komarovsky recalls that there are situations in which mothers and fathers should not engage in independent healing. Medical assistance is required:

• Children from 0 to 3 years old.
• Children who vomit occurs against the background of elevated body temperature.
• Children who have vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain (all or part of the symptoms) have lasted more than two days.
• Children who are not "alone" in their illness (if others in the household have similar symptoms)

There are situations in which a child needs urgent medical attention as soon as possible. An ambulance should be called under one or more of the following conditions:

• Vomiting occurred after eating mushrooms.
• Vomiting is so intense that the baby cannot drink water.
• Vomiting is accompanied by clouding of consciousness, incoherent speech, impaired coordination of movements, yellowing of the skin, dry mucous membranes, and a rash.
• Vomiting is accompanied visual magnification(swelling) of the joints.
• Against the background of repeated vomiting, there is no urination for more than 6 hours, urine has a dark tint.
• In the vomit and (or) feces there are impurities of blood, pus.

While waiting for the arrival of the doctor, the child should be placed on its side so that during the next vomiting attack the child does not choke on the vomit. The baby needs to be held in his arms, on his side. You don't need to give any medication.

In order for the doctor to be able to quickly understand the true cause of the child's condition, parents should remember in as much detail as possible what the baby ate over the past day, what he drank, where he was and what he did. In addition, mom and dad will have to carefully examine the vomit, in order to then tell the doctor about what color they are, the consistency, whether there is an unusual smell, whether they contain blood or pus.

Analyzing color

Dark vomit (coffee ground color) may indicate serious problems with the stomach, up to a peptic ulcer.

If there is an admixture of bile in the masses and there is a bittersweet smell, you can suspect a malfunction in the gallbladder and biliary tract.

Green color vomit may indicate the neurological nature of the reflex, the same happens with vomiting in a severe stressful situation, when the child cannot cope with excitement and feelings in a different way.

It is recommended to leave samples of vomit and feces of a sick child until the doctor arrives in order to show them to a specialist. This will contribute to the fastest and most accurate diagnosis. true reason states.

Vomiting in an infant may be a completely natural process for the formation of digestive functions, but it is better if a doctor states this. Komarovsky emphasizes that often in children infancy vomiting is a completely expected cause of banal overeating if parents are too zealous in their desire to feed their child more and more calories.

Vomiting can also be of a different nature - allergic, traumatic, and also inflammatory. In other words, this reflex accompanies a great variety of various diseases, some of which require prompt hospitalization with subsequent surgical care, and therefore vomiting attacks should not be underestimated.

So, parents should make every effort not to stop vomiting at any cost and try to treat something with folk remedies, but in order to carefully observe. It will be just fine if they can provide the following data to the doctor who came to the call:

• The frequency and frequency of attacks (at what intervals does vomiting occur, how long does it last).
• Does the child feel better after the next attack, does the pain in the abdomen decrease.
• What is the approximate volume of vomit, their color and whether there are any impurities.
• What hurt the baby for Last year, over the last two weeks.
• What did the baby eat, do the parents also suspect food poisoning.
• Has the child's weight changed in the last 2 weeks?

If the child has some of the above symptoms, but there is no vomiting, Komarovsky advises calling the reflex on his own. To do this, let the baby drink 2-3 glasses of warm water or milk, and then gently insert your fingers into the oropharynx and move them slightly. You can use your fingers or a spoon to lightly press on the root of the tongue.

There is no need to feed the child. However, drinking is a must. At the same time, you should know that soldering a child with vomiting is a whole science, it must be carried out strictly according to the rules. Firstly, says Yevgeny Komarovsky, drinking should be fractional, but very frequent. One-time amount - a few sips. Secondly, the temperature of the water should be similar to body temperature, so the liquid will be absorbed more quickly, which will protect the child from dehydration. When asked what to drink, the doctor replies that the best option are oral rehydration solutions or home-made saline solutions. If desired, you can give the child non-carbonated mineral water, tea, compote.

In no case should you add sugar, jam, honey to your drink. If the child flatly refuses to drink what is supposed to, offer him what he likes - juice or a sweet drink, but at the same time dilute it with water so that the resulting drink is as clear as possible.

It is useful to give activated charcoal, but only in strictly indicated proportions - 1 gram of the drug per kilogram of the child's weight, no less. If the temperature rises, you can give the baby an antipyretic, Paracetamol is best.

Vomiting is the involuntary discharge of stomach contents out through the mouth. The diaphragm descends and the glottis closes. In the stomach, its upper section relaxes sharply, while a spasm occurs in the lower one. The muscles of the diaphragm and abdomen contract sharply, which causes the ejection of undigested products up the esophagus. At the same time, unpleasant sensations arise: sore throat due to a scratched trachea, a taste of bile or acid in the mouth, and a nasty smell.

This condition can be caused by a variety of reasons. So vomiting in a child can be observed at any age, and parents should be prepared for this.

At baby the main cause of vomiting (not to be confused with) is the formation of digestion. In those who are older, this unpleasant reflex can be caused by a variety of diseases and external factors. This is a defensive reaction to an irritant, an attempt to get rid of toxic substances.

Nutrition

1. Eating poor quality food.
2. Overeating, force-feeding a child, eating a large amount of very fatty foods - this is how vomiting after eating is explained.
3. Drug poisoning.
4. Aversion to food.

Diseases

Problems with the gastrointestinal tract

1. Dysentery, salmonellosis.
2. Acute abdomen syndrome.
3. In newborns: stenosis, diverticulum, achalasia, pylorospasm, hernia,.
4. If a temperature of 38°C and vomiting are observed, it may be intestinal flu.
5. Gastritis.

Craniocerebral pathologies

1. Severe migraine.
2. Frequent dizziness.
3. Concussion.
4. Bruns Syndrome.
5. Head injury.
6. Syndrome of the posterior cranial fossa.

Other health problems

1. High fever is not only a concomitant symptom of vomiting, but most often it itself causes it.
2. If a child usually vomits in the morning, the causes must be sought in serious diseases: infections, meningitis, brain tumors, acute appendicitis.
3. Allergy.
4. In infants, neurological pathologies, a foreign body in the stomach, and pyloric stenosis can become causes.
5. Coughing.
6. Vomiting with rotavirus is one of the main symptoms.
7. Metabolic disease.
8. Anicteric hepatitis.
9. Renal failure.
10. Vomiting is often observed with.
11. Diabetes.
12. Acute heart failure.
13. Nose bleed.
14. Purulent otitis.

External factors

1. Motion sickness in transport.
2. Fear, anxiety, stress. A characteristic symptom is green vomit.
3. Sunstroke.
4. If vomiting occurs at night, provoking factors most often become not only stomach problems, poisoning, but also a strong fright (a nightmare), stuffy air and low humidity in the room.
5. If a child has a fever after vomiting, it can be either a rotavirus infection or heat stroke (overheating).

Sometimes there is vomiting with, but there is no direct physiological connection between them. Rather, the first is a consequence of the second. The reasons in this case may be fever, force-feeding, swallowing a large amount of air when screaming and crying.

There are many reasons why children vomit. Only the most attentive parents will be able to accurately tell its cause, but medical diagnostics are better suited for this. Moreover, in medical practice there are different types this defense mechanism.

Terminology. In medical sources, one can find the following concepts that are identical to vomiting: automesia, anabolic, blennemesis, gastrorrhea, hematomesis, hydremesis, hyperemesis, pyemesis.

Also pay special attention to children's cosmetics, namely shampoos and bathing products. Read the ingredients carefully. The most dangerous components are: Sodium lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Coco Sulfate, PEG, MEA, DEA, TEA, silicones, parabens.

We strongly recommend getting rid of cosmetics, which contain this chemistry, especially if we are talking about children and newborns Scientists and experts have repeatedly repeated how these substances affect the body. Of all the many cosmetic companies, it is very difficult to find completely safe products.

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The only disadvantage of such products is a much shorter shelf life - 10 months, but this is due to the absence of aggressive preservatives. For those who are looking for safe cosmetics, we recommend the official online store mulsan.ru. Take care of your health and carefully read the composition of not only food, but also cosmetics.

Kinds

There are several classifications of children's vomiting. Depending on the concomitant diseases and the nature of the vomit in a child, the following types can be recognized.

1. Cyclic ketonemic.
2. Hepatogenic.
3. Renal.
4. Diabetic.
5. Cardiac.
6. Abdominal.
7. Psychogenic.
8. Bloody.
9. Cerebral.

In children, acetonemic vomiting is often diagnosed - this is the name of the pathological condition with an increase in the concentration in the blood plasma ketone bodies. Manifested by stereotypical recurrent attacks that alternate with periods of satisfactory physical condition. There are primary (idiopathic) - a consequence of errors in the diet (hungry pauses, an abundance of fats) and secondary - developing against the background of infectious, somatic, endocrine diseases, CNS lesions.

Only a qualified doctor can correctly determine its type and make an accurate diagnosis. Although, before his consultation, parents should themselves observe what concomitant symptoms characterize the child's condition.

Educational program for parents. Children's acetonemic vomiting in medicine can also be referred to as non-diabetic ketoacidosis.

Clinical picture

Vomiting without symptoms is rare. Most often, it is accompanied by some deviations in the condition of the child. They will help to recognize the underlying disease that caused this trouble. Therefore, the primary task of parents before the doctor arrives is to observe what other characteristic manifestations accompany vomiting.

Vomiting without fever

Severe vomiting in a child without fever is not a separate disease that requires specific therapy directed against it. This is a symptom of one of the pathologies that struck a small organism. These include:

• diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: and abdominal pain;
• pathology of metabolic processes;
• general intoxication: reaction to drugs or food poisoning - in such cases, the child usually vomits after eating or consuming a particular drug;
• serious problems with the nervous system can manifest themselves in behavioral disorders: the child becomes capricious, uncontrollable, eats and sleeps poorly;

If there is frequent vomiting without fever in the morning, this is in most cases problems with the central nervous system, if in the evenings and at night - with the stomach.

Vomiting with fever

A much greater danger is vomiting and temperature in one tandem. This indicates the presence in a small body of an inflammatory reaction, an infectious infection. They need to be eliminated as soon as possible, until it comes to complications, which are not uncommon in such cases. Here it is necessary to call a doctor and follow all his instructions exactly. Treatment (sometimes even stationary) is indispensable here.

If vomiting in a child with a temperature, it is important to track the moment, how they correlate in time. If the fever started first, it could provoke nausea with all the ensuing consequences. If at the same time - it's an intestinal infection. If later, it can be both harmless and dangerous meningitis.

Other symptoms

• The child has a stomach ache and vomiting - this is food poisoning or infection.
• Bile vomiting is dangerous, which can be a symptom of cholecystitis, gallstone disease, viral hepatitis, intestinal infection.
• Strong (especially in the morning) headache and vomiting is a common symptom of a concussion.
• If it is vomiting with blood, it is necessary to exclude injuries of the esophagus, stomach, ulcer.
• In infants, vomiting with mucus is often not a symptom of disease, while in older children it may be due to food poisoning.
• With colds or prolonged fasting, vomiting of water is possible.
• One of the most dangerous is foam vomiting, which requires immediate hospitalization of the child, as it can be the result of an acute intestinal infection, meningitis, hepatitis, myocardial infarction, and cancer.
• In infants, vomiting can be a fountain, the cause of which can lie both in banal overfeeding and in complex pathologies in development.

color of vomit

1. Yellow: food poisoning, appendicitis, intestinal infection.
2. Red: gastric bleeding, damage to the esophagus or gastrointestinal mucosa.
3. Green: a large amount of greens in the diet or stress.
4. Black: activated charcoal abuse, chemotherapy.

Sometimes there is vomiting without symptoms: if it is single, you should not worry. This is the reaction of a small stomach to some product or external factor. But if it is repeated several times a day, then, despite the absence of accompanying signs, you need to see a doctor. And before his arrival - to provide the patient with the first medical care to avoid complications.

Keep in mind. There is no need to rejoice if the child’s vomiting is asymptomatic - you still need to see a doctor so that complications do not arise later.

First aid

Reasons for concern and reasons to call a doctor (Ambulance):

1. Temperature increase.
2. Intolerable abdominal pain, profuse.
3. Lethargy, loss of consciousness, cold sweat, pallor of the skin.
4. The age of the child is up to 1 year.
5. Repeated, incessant vomiting.

Parents should know what first aid is for vomiting in a child before a doctor examines him. In 90% of cases, it is she who helps to avoid unpleasant consequences, and also significantly alleviates the patient's condition.

1. Lay in bed with your head turned to the side. Put a towel under your cheek and chin to vomit again.
2. Place the baby in your arms horizontally on your side.
3. Don't give anything to eat.
4. Antipyretics (paracetamol) should be given only after the temperature rises to 38 ° C.
5. During an attack - sit down, tilting the body slightly forward. This will prevent the vomit from entering the lungs.
6. After each attack, rinse your mouth with clean, cool water, wash, change clothes.
7. Do not scare the child with panic: do not scream, do not lament, do not discuss his illness with others, do not cry. Act decisively, calmly, quickly. Support the patient with strokes and words.
8. Parents often ask what to give a child with vomiting before the doctor arrives. After the attack, allow him to take 2-3 sips of water.
9. It can be replaced with glucose-salt solutions, which are purchased at a pharmacy. In such cases, Regidron, Citroglucosalan, Gastrolit, Oralit, etc. help well. Dilute strictly according to the prescription. Drink 1-2 teaspoons every 10 minutes. Infants - 2-3 drops.
10. As for a specific remedy, parents who do not know how to stop vomiting in a child can be advised to Smect.
11. After diarrhea, wash the child, change panties.
12. Collect things for hospitalization (just in case).
13. Leave vomit and feces for examination by a doctor.

But what to do if the child has vomiting without diarrhea and temperature without any impurities and other dangerous symptoms? Be alert: do the same according to the instructions and carefully observe his condition. At the first signs of deterioration or constantly recurring attacks, one cannot do without qualified medical assistance.

And keep in mind: it is undesirable to transport a small patient yourself, as he will be shaken even more in the car and he may become worse. A series of diagnostic tests will be waiting for you at the hospital.

It is forbidden! When vomiting, solutions of potassium permanganate and alcohol are strictly prohibited.

Diagnostics

Usually, the diagnosis does not cause difficulties, since the cause is easily detected even before the arrival of doctors according to the accompanying symptoms. If it remains unclear, more thorough research is carried out.

Data Analysis

The doctor interviews the parents and finds out the following points:

• when vomiting appeared;
• seizure frequency;
• does relief come after them;
• Is there a relationship with food intake?
• volume of vomit and feces;
• the presence of impurities in them;
• their character;
• has the child been ill with something in the last 2 weeks;
• what infections did you have?
• whether there are abdominal operations and when they were performed;
• whether the parents themselves suspect food poisoning;
• weight changes in the last 2 weeks.

Inspection

The doctor during the examination of a small patient determines:

• temperature;
• presence of signs of infection (rash, convulsions);
• symptoms of poisoning;
• general condition: pulse, pressure, respiratory rate, reflexes;
• degree of dehydration (skin elasticity, weight change);
• the presence of symptoms indicating diseases of the digestive system: changes in stool, tense abdominal wall, enlarged liver, bloating;
• visual study of vomit and fecal mass for the presence of impurities.

Laboratory methods

Here you will need to pass the main tests:

• blood test (most often general);
• Analysis of urine.

Instrumental Methods

• Ultrasound of the peritoneum determines the size of the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, allows you to identify problems with the digestive tract;
• ultrasound of the brain;
• fibrogastroduodenoscopy - a study using an endoscope of the stomach to diagnose diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• x-ray of the peritoneal organs with contrast, when a special substance is used, against which the pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract are clearly visible.

Depending on what disease doctors suspect, the child can be sent for additional consultations to various specialists (gastroenterologist, cardiologist, neurologist, urologist, endocrinologist, etc.). They will confirm or refute the alleged diagnosis. After that, treatment will already be prescribed.

Useful information for parents. If you were prescribed neurosonography at the hospital, don't be intimidated by the scary medical term. This is an ultrasound of the brain.

Treatment

When vomiting in children, doctors prescribe treatment mainly in two directions. First, temporary symptomatic drugs to stop the unpleasant reflex and relieve accompanying symptoms. Secondly, the therapy of the underlying disease that caused this condition.

Medical treatment

1. Glucose-salt solutions.
2. Vomiting drugs allowed for children: Smekta (absorbent, stops intoxication, can be given to children from birth), Cerucal (blocks the vomiting reflex at the level of brain signals, allowed from 2 years old), Enterofuril (antimicrobial drug, prescribed for infectious vomiting, from 1 month) , Domperidone (from 5 years old), Motilium, No-spasm, Primadofilus.
3. Homeopathy: Bryonia, Aetuza, Nux vomica, Antimonium krudum.
4. To restore the normal functioning of the stomach: Hilak forte, Bifidumbacterin, Lineks, Laktofiltrum, Mezim, Pancreatin, Tsipol, Bifiform, Bifikol, Enterol, Colibacterin, Bifilin, Lactobacterin, bacteriophages and probiotics.
5. Sorbents nullify intoxication: Polyphepan, Polysorb, Activated carbon, Neosmectin, Enterosgel.
6. For diarrhea, the following are prescribed: Calcium carbonate, Bismuth, Diarol, Tanalbin, Imodium.
7. If intestinal infections are detected, antibiotic therapy cannot be avoided: Ercefuril, Furazolidone, Nevigramon, Nergam, Gentamicin, Rifampicin, Tienam, Kanamycin, Meronem, Ciprofloxacin, Anamycin sulfate, Ceftazidime.
8. Intramuscular or intravenous administration of antispasmodics (No-Shpy solution), m-anticholinergics (Atropine solution), metoclopramide (Reglan, Cerucal).
9. If all of the above indicated therapy is ineffective, antipsychotics (Etaperazine) can be used against vomiting in children.
10. In case of poisoning, detoxification and gastric lavage are carried out.
11. When tumors, intestinal obstruction, pyloric stenosis are detected, a decision is made on surgical intervention.

If the child is not yet a year old, it is better to use preparations in the form of a suspension, syrup or suppositories. After a year, you can use pills for vomiting for children, but again only with the permission of a doctor.

Treatment with folk remedies

Traditional medicine also did not bypass this problem. However, parents often abuse these funds too much. It is best to consult a doctor about what you can give your child from vomiting at home. After all, some recipes can only worsen the condition if there are any serious health problems. The following have the minimum harm and maximum effect: folk remedies.

• Dill seeds

Prepare a decoction: pour 1 teaspoon with a glass (200 ml) of water (already hot), boil over medium heat for 5 minutes. Cool down. Give 20-50 ml every 2 hours.

• Melissa tincture

Pour 20 grams of lemon balm with a liter of boiling water. Leave for 5 hours. Strain. Drink often, but little by little.

• Decoction of ginger

Grind ginger on a grater, 2 tbsp. Spoons pour a glass of boiling water. Soar on low heat for a quarter of an hour. Strain. Give every 2 hours 50 ml.

• Mint infusion

20 g of mint (it is better to take peppermint) pour a glass of boiling water. Leave for half an hour under a closed lid. Take 20 ml every 3 hours.

• Milk yolk mixture

Whisk warm milk with yolk. Give frequently, 2 tablespoons at a time. Stops severe convulsive vomiting.

• horsetail infusion

2 tbsp. tablespoons of horsetail pour 500 ml of boiling water. Strain after an hour. Give to drink often, but in small sips.

• Fees

Mix 3 teaspoons of lemon balm, 4 - chamomile flowers, 3 - peppermint. Brew a glass of boiling water. Leave for an hour, strain. Give 50 ml every 3 hours.

• Valerian root decoction

Pour 1 teaspoon of crushed valerian root with a glass of water. Boil on low heat for a quarter of an hour. Strain, cool, give 20 ml up to 5 times a day.

In addition to these effective folk recipes, stop vomiting in a child at home will allow:

• cool brewed green tea;
• egg whites;
• elecampane roots;
• blackberry branches;
• sagebrush;
• tansy;
• a mixture of honey and nettle seed;
• mixture of honey and ivy leaf.

Antiemetics approved for children are very effective, but any delay can be dangerous. This protective process greatly exhausts the body, provokes exhaustion. vitality and dehydration. At stake is the health of the child, so you should not take risks by self-medicating. Another important aspect of therapy is a diet for vomiting, which helps to improve the patient's well-being and normalize digestion.

Therapeutic diet

Parents should be familiar with the basic principles of the diet, know how to feed the child after vomiting and during it.

1. It is recommended to give food only 5 hours after the attack.
2. The first dishes after this break should be liquid or crushed.
3. Meals - in small portions, but often, approximately every 3 hours.
4. Products should be fortified and light.
5. You do not need to force the child to eat by force - this can provoke a second attack.
6. Do not make a diet on your own - only with the permission of the pediatrician.
7. Dietary fats in the first three days after the attacks should be reduced to a minimum. They make the stomach work harder.
8. Reduce the amount of carbohydrates in your food. They contribute to the fermentation processes in the intestines.
9. Main dish for children up to a year - breast milk. Older than a year - milk buckwheat and rice porridge, but the milk must be pasteurized. It is better to dilute it with water in equal proportions.

Allowed products:

• sweet, strong tea;
• white crackers;
• veal meat soufflé;
• buckwheat, rice porridge;
• boiled chicken breast;
• vegetable broth;
• zoological cookies;
• low-fat kefir.

Prohibited products:

• sparkling water;
• instant vermicelli;
• chips;
• crackers;
• fried, sour, salty foods;
• whole cow's milk, cereals with it;
• rye bread, crackers from it;
• green vegetables;
• greenery;
• raw fruits;
• grapes, juice from it;
• muffin;
• fish;
• fat meat;
• mushrooms;
• beef, fish, mushroom broths.

So it is necessary to treat vomiting in a child in a complex way. Despite the biased attitude towards modern medicines, parents should not neglect medications and use folk remedies as little as possible without the permission of doctors.

Accurate adherence to the diet will give excellent results and will contribute to the speedy recovery of the little patient. If you wait until everything ends by itself, the irreparable can happen - complications that will later affect the fate of the child.

For reference. Smecta is a natural sorbent with flavors and sweeteners as additives. In the gastrointestinal tract, it forms a barrier film that prevents the absorption of toxins and bacteria.

Complications

If you do not stop vomiting in a child, this is fraught with serious complications. The most dangerous consequences for his health in this situation can be:

• dehydration, which if left untreated can be fatal;
• profuse and frequent vomiting can lead to injuries, wounds, ruptures of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, pharynx, stomach;
• aspiration pneumonia when vomit enters the respiratory system;
• caries, since gastric juice, entering the oral cavity, destroys tooth enamel (you can learn what to do if a child has a toothache from).

If this is a one-time reflex that does not repeat often, you should not panic. But if there is profuse, persistent vomiting (several times a day or a week), this is a reason to see a doctor. Given the danger of the gag reflex for small children, it is necessary to deal with its prevention in a timely manner, which will reduce the risk of complications.

And further. Not only post-vomit dehydration of a small organism can lead to death. There were cases when the child choked on vomit. This happens if he is at home alone and cannot help himself.

Prevention

Preventive measures to prevent frequent and profuse vomiting include:

• prevention and treatment of any diseases, exclusion of complications and relapses;
• quality nutrition, food processing, according to sanitary and hygienic requirements;
• prevention of poisoning with medicinal, household, industrial, chemical agents;
• timely isolation of patients during an epidemic of infectious diseases;
• immunoprophylaxis;
• competent care of the child for the prevention of aspiration pneumonia;
• observance of hygiene standards, especially hand washing before eating;
• creation of a favorable psychological atmosphere;
• Do not give your child medication without a doctor's prescription.

All parents in practice at least once, but faced with children's vomiting. If it is not accompanied by fever and other dangerous concomitant symptoms, is of a single nature and it is known for certain that a certain product provoked it, perhaps the danger can be avoided. But in all other cases, a visit to a doctor and complex therapy are required. Otherwise, home self-treatment may turn out to be too high a price.

Nausea and vomiting should always be alarming, as they are a symptom of many diseases. The task of parents is to suspect "something is wrong" in time and be sure to consult a doctor.

Vomit- involuntary ejection of the contents of the digestive tract, mainly the stomach, through the mouth, sometimes the nose, which often ends with a peculiar low sound made by the child on inspiration (as if he is choking), after which comes crying. Vomiting is the result of contraction of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, and to a lesser extent the stomach itself. Most often, it is a protective reaction of the digestive system to the ingestion or formation of toxic or other harmful substances in the body.

Vomiting may precede nausea is an unpleasant painless subjective sensation that small child usually manifested by anxiety, refusal to eat, protrusion of the tip of the tongue, pale skin, cold extremities.

Vomiting and preceding nausea in children younger age(from 1 year to 3 years) can often occur suddenly, without previous symptoms, and should always alert parents. What are the most common causes of nausea and vomiting?

Intestinal infections

The causative agents of intestinal infections are a large group of viruses and bacteria (dysenteric bacillus, salmonella, pathogenic E. coli, rotaviruses, enteroviruses, etc.).

Infection occurs when the pathogen enters the gastrointestinal tract through the mouth. The source of infection is a sick person or a carrier of a particular virus, bacteria, which can excrete a microbe with feces. Also, a sick animal (dogs, cats, large and small cattle, etc.) can be a source. A child can become infected through food, water, household items, toys infected with the patient's feces, and through dirty hands.

First, the behavior of the baby changes. He becomes irritable, agitated or, conversely, lethargic, refuses to eat, sleep is disturbed. However, in mild forms of the disease, these symptoms may not be present. Then nausea and vomiting appear. Vomit may contain remnants of undigested food, mucus, which indicates an inflammatory process in the gastrointestinal tract. The child may experience pain in the abdomen. In children early age it manifests as anxiety infants kick their feet. A toddler who is already talking may complain of pain. The abdomen is swollen, rumbling is noted.

Almost always, intestinal infections are accompanied by loose stools, it can be frequent, mixed with mucus, sometimes blood. As a rule, the temperature rises. Depending on the severity of the condition, it can be either small (37.2-37.5°С) or reach very high values ​​- 39-40°С. It should be noted that in mild forms of the disease, the temperature may be normal or even low.

Food poisoning

They occur after eating food that contains a large number of a certain type of bacteria, which, breaking down in the acidic environment of the stomach, release toxins that cause poisoning of the body. This is possible in case of violation of storage conditions, the use of expired products, non-compliance with production technology.

The disease begins unexpectedly, as a rule, within 2-6 hours after eating poor-quality food. First there is nausea and vomiting, after a few hours loose stools join, but usually not watery, with a small amount of mucus. Violation of the general condition, changes in behavior, appetite, sleep of the baby and the severity of the fever depend on the amount of poor-quality food eaten and the number of microorganisms that it contained, as well as on the rate of decay of microorganisms and the release of toxins by them.

In a severe course of the disease in children, the development of toxic-infectious shock is possible (an acute condition with a pronounced disruption of work internal organs, possible loss of consciousness, which is due to the action of toxins and requires immediate medical attention). As with intestinal infections, there is a high chance of developing dehydration due to persistent vomiting and an increase in temperature at which fluid is lost into the body. more by evaporation from the surface of the skin and with respiration.

Acute infectious diseases

The cause of nausea and vomiting can be acute infectious diseases (SARS, bronchitis, pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs, pyelonephritis - an inflammatory disease of the kidneys, etc.), which are not associated with a direct lesion of the gastrointestinal tract.

In this case, nausea and vomiting will be one of the symptoms of a violation of the general condition of the child, i.e. intoxication syndrome. Nausea and vomiting are usually observed in the case of a severe course of the disease. Vomiting is rarely persistent and often occurs once or twice. Infectious diseases are always accompanied by other symptoms of intoxication: fever, behavioral changes (anxiety, lethargy), sleep disorders, loss of appetite. A disorder of the stool is not typical, although in a child under 1 year old with some types of acute respiratory viral infections, such a symptom is also possible, while, unlike intestinal infections, the stool is not watery, but somewhat thinner than usual, 1-3 times a day, does not contain pathological impurities ( mucus, blood). Soon, symptoms that are distinctive for each disease appear: runny nose, cough, etc. A child who can speak may complain of pain when swallowing. The pediatrician, having examined the baby, will help you finally understand the situation.

CNS diseases

With such serious diseases of the central nervous system as meningitis(inflammation of the lining of the brain) and encephalitis(inflammation of the medulla), nausea and vomiting may be some of the initial symptoms. Vomiting is persistent, does not bring relief (that is, nausea remains). There is a pronounced violation of the general condition: the child is lethargic, moves little, there is no appetite, he is tearful. A baby under 1 year old may experience a characteristic piercing, monotonous cry as a manifestation of a headache, photophobia may disturb (in bright light, children squint, turn away, tears may appear).

In addition, it is noted heat 39-40°C. The appearance of convulsions is characteristic, which can be manifested by sudden rhythmic twitches of individual muscles that are not interrupted when touched, for example, by the mother's hands. In children with an open large fontanel, one can detect its bulging (protruding above the bone structures surrounding it) and pulsation of the vessels under the skin, which can be felt when touched, and often even when examined.

In any case, if meningitis or encephalitis is suspected, emergency hospitalization is required.

Vomiting may be one of the first symptoms of growth tumors in the brain. Usually vomiting occurs unexpectedly, happens 1-2 times a day, mainly at night or in the morning, appears periodically for quite a long time - more than a month. If the large fontanel is not yet closed, it may bulge due to increased intracranial pressure. A child can often be bothered by headaches, if the baby still cannot speak, then they are manifested by a change in mood, a decrease in appetite, the baby becomes capricious, easily excitable, or, conversely, lethargic. In this case, a consultation with a neurologist is necessary.

Surgical diseases

Surgical diseases can also be the cause of sudden onset of nausea and vomiting in children of the first years of life.

Acute appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix, extending from the area of ​​the large intestine, located in the right side of the abdomen and called "blind". Vomiting in this pathology in a young child may be one of the first signs of the disease. First, the baby's anxiety appears, sleep disturbance and loss of appetite are possible. Then the crumbs appear repeated vomiting, the temperature rises: in babies up to 1 year old up to 38 ° C and above, in older children it is often slightly increased, in the range of 37.2-37.7 ° C. Often there is loose stool with mucus.

Complaints of pain in the right iliac region (in the right side), which are characteristic of acute appendicitis in adults, are rare at this age. Usually the baby complains of pain around the navel. If the child is very small and unable to describe his feelings, it is necessary to carefully observe his behavior. In such a situation, the baby does not sleep, curls up (brings the hips to the stomach, especially lying on the left side), "knocks" the legs and worries when changing the position of the body. With an atypical location of the appendix, frequent painful urination or the urge to defecate (empty bowel) may disturb.

Intestinal intussusception. This pathology often occurs in the younger age group(6-12 months). It is the introduction of one section of the intestine into another, as a result of which the work of the intestine is disturbed. The cause of this disease is unknown in most cases. The more frequent occurrence of intussusception in children under 1 year of age, some authors explain the uneven growth and development at this age of the longitudinal and transverse fibers of the intestinal muscle layer, as well as the imbalance of the enzyme system (enzymes are substances that break down food). Against this background, with improper introduction of complementary foods containing, as a rule, vegetable or fruit ingredients, that is, a large amount of fiber, peristalsis disorders (wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles of the intestine) may occur, which leads to invagination.

In children older than 1 year, intestinal intussusception may be due to various reasons, which must be established after the intussusception is straightened. These include: malformations of the intestine, polyps (benign tumor-like formations growing from the intestinal wall into its lumen), intestinal tumors, multiple enlarged lymph nodes, the presence of worms, etc.

The clinical picture of intestinal intussusception is quite characteristic, the disease proceeds paroxysmal: against the background of complete health, the child develops sharp, cramping pains in the abdomen. In children of the first year of life, this is manifested by pronounced anxiety, unmotivated screaming and crying, pulling the legs to the stomach. After a while, the attack of pain subsides, the child becomes calm. Then again the above picture is repeated. Over time, non-attack periods become shorter, and attacks become more frequent, pronounced and prolonged.

As the disease progresses, the baby develops pallor, weakness, and vomiting appears. The vomit often contains an admixture of bile. The chair at the beginning of the disease can be normal, without pathological impurities. As the disease progresses, a characteristic feature appears - a raspberry jelly-type stool, which is only mucus containing streaks of blood. Sometimes there is only an admixture of blood in the feces.

If such symptoms occur, the child must be examined by a surgeon in a hospital. Treatment is most often performed surgically. But with an early diagnosis (on the first day), non-surgical straightening of the intussusceptum is possible (with the help of air introduced into the colon). In any case, the decision on the method of treatment is made only by the surgeon.

A terrible complication of appendicitis and intestinal intussusception is peritonitis(inflammation of the peritoneum). Characteristic symptoms are indomitable vomiting, which over time can contain only an admixture of mucus with bile, severe pain in the abdomen (the child does not even let you touch it), bloating appears, and there is often a delay in the passage of stool and gases. Outwardly, the baby looks restless, the facial features are pointed, and the skin acquires a gray-green tint. All these signs can develop very quickly, and in this case it is unacceptable to delay. It is necessary to urgently call an ambulance team or self-hospitalization to the nearest hospital, where emergency surgical care can be provided.

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of a non-infectious nature are often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.

Acute gastritis(inflammation of the gastric mucosa) in young children is manifested by nausea and repeated vomiting of food eaten, sometimes with an admixture of bile, usually not immediately after feeding. It can manifest itself in children due to a violation of the diet, a sharp change in diet (for example, while traveling), against the background of the use of certain drugs, such as antibiotics, orally (by mouth).

Foreign body entry in the gastrointestinal tract of the child may also be accompanied by the appearance of vomiting. It occurs most often when swallowing an object of a sufficiently large size and fixing it at the level of the esophagus. As a rule, this is accompanied by spasm (compression) of the smooth muscles of the esophagus. Vomiting occurs a few minutes after swallowing, contains undigested food, often a large amount of mucus, sometimes scarlet blood. The child is restless, there may be respiratory distress, profuse salivation.

It should also be noted that children often have nervous, or psychogenic, vomiting, which is easily provoked by various emotional factors (fear, excitement, resentment, etc.), which occurs, for example, during force-feeding. Sometimes demonstrative vomiting may occur in order to draw attention to oneself. In all cases, the general condition of the child is not disturbed, vomiting can be repeated under the same circumstances.

What causes vomiting?

It is very important that each of the parents, as well as grandparents, understand that nausea and vomiting, especially repeated and uncontrollable, can lead to very serious pathological changes in the child's body, the development of dehydration. It should be remembered that the younger the child, the more sensitive his body to any water deficiency, since all tissues contain a large amount of extracellular fluid. If frequent vomiting is accompanied by loose stools and fever, fluid loss increases, and mineral salts come out with it. At the beginning of the disease, the child is excited, moderate thirst is noted, then as the symptoms progress (vomiting, loose stools, fever), lethargy, drowsiness appear, skin elasticity decreases, dryness of the mucous membranes is noted, urination becomes rare. (Normal in a child of 6 months, the frequency of urination is about 15-16 times a day, at the age of 1-3 years 8-10 times a day.) Vomiting against the background of salt deficiency usually increases. In a few hours, pronounced violations of water-mineral metabolism can occur, which leads to a serious disruption of the internal organs.

What to do?

What are the actions of parents if a child suddenly has nausea and vomiting against the background of complete health? At the first moment, it is necessary to provide him correct position. If the baby is lying, turn his head to the side, you can raise it at an angle of 30 °. This is necessary to prevent such a formidable complication of the vomiting syndrome as aspiration, i.e. entry of stomach contents into the respiratory tract. If this happened during feeding, then it should be stopped for at least two hours. If at this moment the baby is in your arms, do not rush to put him in the crib, keep him in a vertical or semi-horizontal position, with his head turned to one side. Next, it is important to assess the situation, the severity of the child's condition. And only a doctor can do this, he will also decide on the need for hospitalization. Only in the case of a single vomiting in the normal general condition of the child (the baby behaves as usual, the temperature is normal, sleep is calm) and there are no other symptoms of the disease, it is possible to wait a little before calling the doctor.

Before the doctor arrives, you can start to drink water to prevent dehydration. First, offer your baby some water. You need to drink crumbs in small portions: up to 1 year 1-2 teaspoons every 3-5 minutes, from 1 year to 3 years 3-4 teaspoons, children over 3 years old 1-2 tablespoons every 5 minutes, but not more than 100 ml in 20 minutes for a child of any age. Daily amount of fluid (including water found in milk, formula, food) to be administered healthy child older than 1 year, is 100-150 ml per 1 kg of body weight.

With varying degrees of dehydration, in the presence of elevated temperature, diarrhea, fluid losses increase, and this indicator is calculated individually, depending on the amount of water loss. Since, in addition to water, salts are also excreted, it is good to alternate water (alternately) with glucose-salt solutions. For example, rehydron, citroglucosalan. These drugs can be purchased at the pharmacy in the form of a powder, which is dissolved in 1 liter boiled water after which the solution is ready for use.

At home

If it is not possible to buy glucose-salt solutions at the pharmacy to replenish the loss of water and salts during dehydration, then you can prepare a similar solution at home. To do this, dissolve 1 tsp in 1 liter of water. table salt without top, ½ tsp. baking soda, 8 tsp. no top sugar. As a salt-free solution, in addition to water, you can use weakly brewed tea, rosehip broth, rice water. It is not necessary to give the baby a large volume of liquid at once, as this can provoke repeated vomiting. If vomiting recurs, it is necessary to stop drinking for 10-15 minutes, then continue to drink, but at a slower pace.

Need a hospital?

Once again, I would like to draw the attention of parents to the fact that, since the vomiting syndrome occurs in many very serious diseases, including surgical ones, it is impossible to hesitate and self-medicate at home for a long time.

If, against the background of one or two vomiting, which may be accompanied by loose stools, the baby drinks liquid well, the general condition is not disturbed and does not worsen over time, no new symptoms appear, the child is calm, you can not rush to call an ambulance, but it is necessary to invite a pediatrician to the house.

Hospitalization is mandatory in the following cases:

• repeated vomiting or vomiting, combined with other symptoms (fever, loose stools) when children of any age refuse to drink);
• vomiting associated with pain in the abdomen lasting more than an hour, especially with retention of stool and flatus. It is necessary to exclude surgical pathology;
• lack of effect from therapy at home. This issue is decided by the attending physician;
• progressive deterioration of the condition - lethargy, apathy (the child may want to sleep all the time), rare urination, seizures, prolonged fever that cannot be treated.

Vomiting is not an independent disease, but a symptom of some disease, intoxication or pathological condition in this moment. There can be a lot of reasons for vomiting, and the consequences also vary - it can pass without a trace after a while, or it can lead to dehydration.

Even with a single minor vomiting in a child, the task of parents is to find out in time what caused it and take measures to prevent harmful consequences for the baby's health.

First aid for vomiting in a child - an algorithm of actions

It should be borne in mind that any condition of the baby, accompanied by vomiting, should be evaluated by a doctor. Accordingly, only a specialist can make the correct diagnosis, carry out the necessary diagnostics and prescribe treatment in time!

When a child vomits, the task of parents is to provide the baby with proper care and try to save him from the following vomiting attacks.

So, the algorithm of actions for vomiting in a child:

Video: What to do if the child is vomiting?

You need to be aware of the following signs:

1. The frequency of vomiting attacks over time, the amount of vomit.
2. The color and consistency of the vomit is curdled white, transparent, with foam, yellow, gray, brown or green.
3. Vomiting began after a recent injury or fall of the child.
4. A young child worries, cries, pulls his legs up to his stomach.
5. The abdomen is tense, the child does not allow to touch it.
6. The child refuses to take water.
7. Attacks of vomiting appear even after drinking.
8. The child is lethargic and drowsy, does not want to talk.

Signs of dehydration in a child:

• Dry skin, rough to the touch.
• A sharp decrease in the amount of urine or a complete cessation of urination.
• Dry mouth, cracked lips, tongue coating.
• Sunken eyes, dry eyelids.

Tell your doctor about all signs and symptoms!

11 causes of vomiting in a newborn baby - when should you urgently see a doctor?

When it comes to a newborn baby, parents should distinguish vomiting from simple physiological regurgitation after eating.

Regurgitation is not accompanied by anxiety of the baby, discharge during regurgitation does not have a characteristic vomit odor - they are rather “sour-milk”.

However, parents should also keep in mind that regurgitation of babies can also be pathological, caused by any diseases - we will talk about this in more detail.

So, what can cause vomiting in a newborn baby?

1. Overfeeding.
2. Hyperthermia (overheating), prolonged exposure to a hot stuffy room or in the sun.
3. Improper introduction of complementary foods - in large quantities, new products, the child is not ready for complementary foods.
4. Improper care of a woman for herself and utensils for feeding - strong smells of perfume and creams, bacteria on her breasts, utensils, nipples, etc. can cause vomiting of a baby.
5. Improper nutrition of a nursing mother.
6. Switching to another mixture, as well as with breastfeeding for the mixture.
7. Food poisoning with products of inadequate quality.
8. Intoxication due to any diseases of the child - for example, SARS, meningitis.
9. Intestinal infection.
10. Appendicitis, cholecystitis, cholestasis, acute enterocolitis, strangulated hernia, "acute abdomen" condition.
11. Concussion due to falls, blows to the baby's head.

Before the arrival of the doctor, parents should observe the child, take the temperature and prepare for the possible hospitalization of the baby.

7 Causes of Vomiting in Children One and Older

Most often, vomiting in older children from 1-1.5 years occurs the following reasons:

1. Intestinal infections.
2. Food poisoning - .
3. Concussion from falls and bruises.
4. Acute conditions associated with diseases - appendicitis, SARS, strangulated hernia, meningitis, etc.
5. Intoxication due to exposure to toxic substances from the outside.
6. Overfeeding or improperly selected food - too fatty, fried, sweet, etc. dishes.
7. Psychoneurological factors - fears, stress, neuroses, mental disorders, a consequence of diseases of the central nervous system.

Treatment of vomiting in a child - is it possible to treat vomiting in children on their own?

Parents should remember that vomiting is a serious sign of any violations in the health of the child, therefore, it is necessary to treat the underlying diseases and pathological conditions that are manifested by this symptom. For the same reason, it is impossible to stop vomiting by any means, because this is a protective reaction of the body.

If vomiting is less than three times, is not accompanied by any other symptoms (diarrhea, dehydration, temperature), and the child is older than one and a half years, then the baby should be kept calm, stop feeding for a while and monitor his condition. For any, even the slightest, symptoms of deterioration, you should call a doctor or an ambulance!

If the baby is a baby, then the doctor should be called even after a single vomiting.

Remember: there is no self-treatment of vomiting and cannot be!

What treatment will the child need due to the diseases that caused vomiting:

1. Food poisoning - gastric lavage in the hospital, then - detoxification and restorative therapy.
2. Food infections, infectious diseases - antibiotic therapy, detoxification of the body.
3. In acute conditions due to appendicitis, strangulated hernia, etc. - surgery.
4. concussion - bed rest and complete rest, anticonvulsant therapy, prevention of brain edema.
5. Functional vomiting due to neurosis, stress, mental disorders – neuropsychiatric treatment and psychotherapy.

The site site warns: self-medication can harm the health of your child and is dangerous for his life! The diagnosis should be made only by a doctor after the examination. Therefore, if vomiting occurs, be sure to consult a specialist!

Why does a 5 month old baby vomit? What diseases can cause vomiting? What measures should be taken to find out the causes of vomiting in infants?

Babies at 5 months already understand all the main sounds that make up their native language. You have noticed that your child has begun to eat less often because his ventricle has enlarged, and at one time he can eat more food. An aged baby is already disposed to the beginning of complementary foods and therefore you need to be very careful with the selection of products so as not to harm his health. And one of the symptoms of malnutrition is vomiting.

Vomiting is a physiological act of ejection of food masses from the stomach by a reverse movement. This action is reflexive, it occurs outside our mind, although sometimes adults can suppress the gagging movements a little by willpower, but not always. And the child, all the more, cannot resist such a reflex, especially a small one.

There can be a variety of reasons for inducing vomiting, but most often they are associated with the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract.

Vomiting in a child of 5 months can be an indicator of both overeating and the use of intolerant food (milk or complementary foods). If vomiting is accompanied by rashes, the baby, after the stomach is completely empty, should be given an antiallergic drug in an age dosage, and be sure to consult a pediatrician and discuss the baby's further nutrition.

If it concerns an intestinal infection, the actions depend on the condition of the crumbs. A mild infection, without fever, almost does not need to be treated - you need to let the intestines and stomach get rid of toxins.

Be sure to give more fluids to drink and, if necessary, make a cleansing enema. A doctor should be called if the general condition of the child does not improve, the body temperature is high, and in general, the process is aggravated.

Causes of vomiting in the chest. The cause of vomiting in babies of this age may be a violation of the patency of the esophagus - pyloric stenosis. This disease is of varying degrees, and it can only be treated surgically. Also, vomiting can also occur with a common cold when a high temperature rises (gastric form of vomiting). Usually, this is a one-time occurrence.

Vomiting can also occur with the immaturity of the central nervous system - pylorospasm. At the same time, vomiting is quite plentiful, food flies out in a “fountain”.

This vomiting has a neurotic character, and occurs with various stimuli - in small ones - a stranger, the departure of parents. Treatment of such vomiting is carried out by a neurologist.

For prevention: give up overeating (feed your baby more often, but in smaller portions), exclude the contact of the baby with tobacco smoke, exclude milk from the diet, use food thickeners (buy in pharmacies). The baby will spit up less if, after feeding, he is placed in an upright position and in a state of mental and physical calm (no shaking, no screaming) for 25 to 30 minutes after eating. Avoid bulk feeding, and stop feeding if the baby loses interest in food and becomes distracted.