The usefulness of glass products for consumers is determined primarily by their compliance with functional, commercial, ergonomic, aesthetic requirements and reliability in operation. Based on the requirements of various categories of consumers for these products, it is possible to single out the corresponding consumer properties. They are based on the natural properties of glass, due to its nature, composition and structure, methods of obtaining products, decoration, as well as compliance with the correct packaging, labeling, transportation, storage and operation.

In view of the greatest diversity of the assortment of glassware among all glass household goods, it is advisable to consider a detailed description of the consumer properties of glass products using the example of glassware. The main function of glassware is the ability to<<принимать>>, save and<<отдавать>> food and drink. The performance of these functions depends both on the design solution of the product and on the type of glass. The type and composition of the glass determine the chemical, thermochemical, atmospheric and mechanical resistance finished products, i.e. the ability<<принимать>> and preserve food and drink. Ability<<отдавать>> food is determined primarily by a constructive solution.

Commercial activities to provide the population served with glass must necessarily provide for a deep knowledge of the consumer properties of products and the requirements of various categories of consumers for individual indicators and in terms of assortment.

FUNCTIONAL properties reflect the possibility of using products for their intended purpose. Glassware must have a sufficiently high chemical resistance (to food, drinks and detergents), the necessary heat resistance (especially kitchenware) and mechanical strength (taking into account the fact that the operation of glassware does not involve significant mechanical stress).

These properties determine the ability of dishes to store food and drinks without affecting their taste, and use it for its intended purpose. Functional properties are also due to the ability<<принимать>> and<<отдавать>>food and drink. Depending on the type of product and its narrow functional purpose, this ability is determined by the shape, size and design features. For example, wine glasses for cognac are made thin-walled, spherical in shape with a narrowed neck. This design allows you to heat the contents with the warmth of the palm and feel the aroma of the drink more fully. In order to minimize the contact surface of the liquid in the decanter with air, decanters are made with a narrow neck. For storing liquid products in considerable quantities and pouring them in large portions, jugs with a wide mouth, a drain and a handle are most suitable.

AESTHETIC the properties of glass are characterized by a number of indicators, among which the main ones are the integrity of the composition, the rationality of the form, the expressiveness of the decor and compliance with fashion. The integrity of the composition is understood as the proportional arrangement and connection of the parts of the product into a single whole in a certain order. The rationality of the form characterizes its compliance with the functional purpose of the product and objects of the environment. The applied decoration methods should increase the aesthetic value of the product and not mask the natural decorativeness of the material used. Compliance of products with aesthetic requirements is determined by an expert method.

ERGONOMIC the properties of glass products determine the ease of use and their hygiene. The ease of use of dishes is determined by the comfort of holding, carrying, washing and using them for their intended purpose. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the shape and capacity of the product, the presence and location of handles, the correspondence of their shape and size to the user's palms and fingers. In general, the shape, size and color of the product must correspond to the visual and psychophysiological capabilities of the human body. The ease of care of products is determined by the diameter of the upper hole (for hollow products), the presence of hard-to-reach places, corners, protrusions and recesses.

The hygiene of dishes is due to the chemical resistance of glass, the smoothness of the surface, the ability to easily clean them and keep them clean.

RELIABILITY glass products is determined by their durability and storability. Durability is due to physical wear, which depends on mechanical, thermal, chemical and other properties, as well as the wear resistance of the decor. It should be noted that such a property of reliability as maintainability is not typical for glass products.

The considered indicators of consumer properties of glassware are formed at various stages of the production of products. This includes design, preparation of raw materials and glass melting, product molding, annealing, technical processing, decorative processing.

The usefulness of glass products for consumers is determined, first of all, by their compliance with functional, ergonomic, aesthetic requirements and reliability in operation. The basis of consumer properties is the natural properties of glass, due to its nature, composition and structure, methods of obtaining products, decoration, as well as compliance with the correct packaging, labeling, transportation, storage and operation.

1. Functional properties

The type and composition of glass determine the chemical, thermal, atmospheric and mechanical resistance of finished products, i.e. their ability to "receive" and store food and drink. The ability to "give" food is determined, first of all, by a constructive decision.

2. Ergonomic properties provide for maximum convenience in using products and their hygiene.

The ease of use of glassware is determined by the degree of comfort, i.e. ease of holding, carrying, washing, storage, and this is ensured by the general parameters of the product, shape, size and location of individual parts, weight.

The hygiene of dishes depends on the chemical properties of glass and design features.

3. Aesthetic properties. Aesthetic properties are formed at the design stage of products, they are largely determined by unique properties glass as a material, depend on the quality of production execution of operations for the formation and finishing of products.

The integrity of the composition provides for the connection into a single harmonious whole of all the constituent elements of the dishes.

The rationality of the form provides for its consistency, the correspondence of the form to the purpose of the product and the properties of the material, processing technology.

The information expressiveness of dishes is characterized by the degree of reflection in the form of a product of various social and aesthetic ideas and ideas, for example, national, age, regional traditions (significance).

The originality of the product is due to its difference from other similar products.

4. Reliability is a complex complex property characterized by the durability and storability of glassware. The durability of dishes is determined by its moral and physical wear resistance.

The quality of glass household products

Glass household products must comply with reference samples and technical descriptions, must be correctly labeled and packaged.

Products must have a smooth shiny surface, polished to full transparency.

The edge and end surface of the upper edge of the products must be melted or polished. Facet is applied to the edge of the upper edge of the products or other types of processing are used. Lids and plugs must be matched to products.

Lids should freely cover or enter products. The difference between the diameter of the cover and the edge of the body (or neck) should not exceed 2 mm.

Stoppers with an unground stem should freely enter the neck of the product. In toilet utensils, the stem of the cork should be lapped.

The spout of the product should be located opposite the handle.

Fixing sticky parts and decorative elements should be simple.

The bottom of the products must be smooth, clearly polished, ensure a stable position on a flat horizontal surface. The inner surface of the bottom of trays and saucers should ensure the stability of the products placed on them.

Products in the set must be selected so that the difference in height between them does not exceed the permissible deviation from the parallelism of the edge of the bottom plane.

The difference in glass edge thickness should not be more than 0.5 mm for products with wall thickness up to 3 mm inclusive and 1 mm for products with wall thickness over 3 mm.

The quality of household glassware depends on the presence of defects that adversely affect its mechanical, thermal, optical, aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic properties.

The impact of a particular defect on the quality of the product depends on its type, location, size, and also on the size of the products.

According to these features, some defects are allowed with restrictions on the number, size and location, others are not allowed at all.

Defects that do not affect the consumer properties of products:

Weakly expressed bluish tints in products made of lead crystal;

The difference in the intensity of staining of the same product made of colored and applied glass, caused by uneven wall thickness;

A barely noticeable difference in the density of the color shade in parts of sets or sets between large and small items in sets for items made of colored glass;

Barely noticeable rocking of the cork in the neck;

An annular protrusion with a size of not more than 1.5 mm on the inner surfaces of the bottoms of products with a leg, made by a multi-stage method;

Small deviations in height and width of the teeth located along the edge of the products;

Small deviations in coloring, engraving from a drawing or sample that do not violate the decoration of the product;

A small addition of a pattern or section that would not violate the presentation of the product;

The Guten products have transparent blisters, foreign inclusions, single streaks;

Foreign inclusions up to 0.5 mm in size, not more than 2 pcs. on medium, large and extra large products;

Bubbles are transparent, closed, without cracks around and cut, ranging in size from 0.8 to 2 mm: t

- "midge" single, rarely located on all products, except for small ones;

Variation in thickness of the edge of the walls from the nominal thickness is not more than 15%;

Non-parallelism of the edge of the bottom plane (bottom cosine):

Defects affecting consumer properties (not allowed)

Foreign inclusions with cracks and cuts around them;

Foreign inclusions that do not have cracks or notches around them, in tea glasses, cups, teapots;

Cuts, cracks;

The cutting track of the scissors is cutting;

Glass blown;

Sharp, cutting edge or edge of products;

Underpressing, scratching burrs;

Undermining attachments;

A trace of a tool strike with cracks all around;

Burnt paint, decals with shedding and erasing;

A bubble squeezing through on the inner surface of products for eating and drinking;

Devitrification along the edge of food and beverage products;

Scree unmelted along the edge of products;

Chips and crevices, unsealed or partially melted or painted over and scratching on the edge of products for eating and drinking;

Slipysh cutting.

If a defect is found on the products, you must make sure that it does not spoil the appearance.

Defects that spoil the appearance of products reduce the quality of products, depending on the location, size of the defect, and the product itself.

When accepting dishes, they also evaluate the thermal resistance of glasses, saucers and hardened dishes, the strength of fixing paints (flannel fabric should not be stained during friction), and the stability of products on the surface. Thermally stable glasses and saucers for tea must withstand temperature changes from 20 to 95 ° C (when pouring boiling water), and then up to 70 ° C (when cooled in air) and 20 ° C (when immersed in water).

Tableware and household utensils made of ordinary glass, crystal pressed without modification, that meet the requirements of the NTD, are classified as suitable and are not divided into grades. Crystal blown, press-blown and pressed with refinement, as well as heat-resistant kitchen utensils are of the 1st and 2nd grades.

The main consumer properties of glass household products are functional, ergonomic, aesthetic and reliability properties.
The functional properties of glass products (for example, plsuda) provide for the possibility of them performing two main functions: "accept" and store food and drinks in the same quantity and quality, and "give" them in whole or in part as needed. These properties depend on the composition of the glass, the shape, size and purpose of the products, the characteristics of food and drinks.

The ability to "accept" and store food and drinks is determined by the following group indicators: chemical resistance to food and drinks, resistance to weathering, resistance to thermal effects, resistance to mechanical stress. The ability to "give away" food and drinks: the functionality of a three-dimensional solution and versatility.

Ergonomic properties predetermine, first of all, convenience
(comfort) of use and hygiene of glass products. The comfort of household utensils is determined by the convenience of holding, transferring, performing storage, washing functions, as well as ease of transportation and storage.
Hygienic properties are primarily due to the nature and properties of glass and are characterized by such group indicators as harmlessness and contamination.

The aesthetic properties of glass household goods are determined by the integrity of the composition, the rationality of the form and information content.

The integrity of the composition characterizes the arrangement, addition and connection of parts into a single whole in a certain order. The rationality of the form characterizes the correspondence of the form of the product to the functional purpose and conditions environment, compliance of the tonal and color solutions of individual elements with the requirements of ergonomics, the style solution - with the interior, manufacturing technology - with the properties of the material.
Informativeness of glassware is determined by the symbolism, originality and compliance with their style and fashion prevailing at the time.

The property of reliability of glass products is determined by their durability and storability. The most important is durability, which is characterized by physical and moral wear and tear.

Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass.

According to GOST 4.75-82 “Sized glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:
- indicators of purpose - the chemical composition and density of glass, the shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface;
- reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators;
- indicators of ergonomic properties - the content of harmful substances;
- indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, informational expressiveness, perfection of industrial production of products, as well as refractive indices, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle;
- economic indicators - the mass of products (consumption of raw materials), cost.

Quality assessment and quality requirements for glass products.

The quality of glassware and decorative glassware must comply with the requirements of GOST 30407-96 “Cookware and decorative glassware. OTU.". Quality assessment is carried out by organoleptic (assessment appearance) and physico-chemical methods (sizing, thermal stability, etc.). In terms of structural and dimensional features, household glassware must comply with approved samples. The product on a flat horizontal surface should not swing. Products that come into contact with hot food (tea glasses and saucers, hot food plates, etc.) must be thermally stable. Blown products should not be destroyed at temperature drops of 95-70-20C, pressed - at 95-60-20C.

Products are not allowed: chips; cut edges; stuck pieces of glass; cutting and crumbling glass particles when decorating products in bulk; through sections; foreign inclusions with cracks and cuts around them. The end surface of the upper edge and the seams of the products must be smooth. The decorative coating applied to the inner surface of products in contact with food must be acid-resistant. The fastening of product handles and decorative elements must be durable. Permissible migration of harmful substances emitted from glass products in contact with food products is established by the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision authorities in the relevant regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner,
Defects in glass products are divided into defects in glass mass, production and processing.

To glass defects include:

1. Gas inclusions (“midge” with a diameter of more than 0.8 mm and a “bubble” with a diameter of less than 0.8 mm) are formed as a result of insufficient clarification of the glass mass. Turbid and squeezing bubbles in the product are not allowed.

2. Strands and schlieren are transparent inclusions that differ from the main mass of glass in composition or physical properties. Svili are thread-like inclusions, and schlieren are tubercles, nodules, glass clots.

3. Solid inclusions (stones, crystals). Occur as a result of crystallization of glass mass.

4. Insufficient discoloration - the result of the presence of metal oxides in the glass.

Production defects:

1. The difference in thickness in the glasses and the bottom of the product is the result of an uneven distribution of glass mass.

2. Chips and crevices;

3. Scree-small chips;

4. Forged-unevenness in the form of fine waviness of the surface;

5. Wrinkles - unevenness in the form of ripples on the surface;

6. Folds - uneven pocket shape.

Curvature, folds and wrinkles on products are not allowed.

The aesthetic properties of glass household goods are determined by the integrity of the composition, the rationality of the form and information content.

The integrity of the composition characterizes the arrangement, addition and connection of parts into a single whole in a certain order. It is due to the spatial and decorative structure, tectonics, proportions of the shape of glass products.

The rationality of the form characterizes the compliance of the shape of the product with the functional purpose and environmental conditions, the compliance of the tonal and color solutions of individual elements with the requirements of ergonomics, the style solution - the interior, the manufacturing technology - the properties of the material.

Informativeness of glassware is determined by the symbolism, originality and compliance with their style and fashion prevailing at the time.

The property of reliability of glass products is determined by their durability and storability. The most important is durability, which is characterized by physical and moral wear and tear.

Indicators of a number of consumer properties of products are indicators of the physical and chemical properties of glass.

The most important of them are the following.

The density of glass varies from 2.2 g/cm3 for quartz glass to 3.0 g/cm3 or more for high-lead crystal. It depends mainly on the presence of heavy metal oxides (lead, barium, zinc) in the composition of the glass and affects the mass of products, optical and thermal properties. With an increase in density, the refractive index of light, the brilliance and the play of light in the faces increase, but the heat resistance, strength and hardness decrease.

The mechanical properties of glass are characterized by the absence of plastic deformations, high compressive strength (500-800 MPa) and low tensile, bending (25-100 MPa) and especially impact (15-20 MPa). The strength depends on the chemical composition: it increases with the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, MgO in the glass composition and decreases with the presence of alkali oxides, PbO. However, the internal structure of the glass, the state of the surface, and the presence of defects on it have a decisive influence. Strength is increased by hardening, ion exchange in molten salts, deposition of oxide-metal coatings on the surface, and other methods.

The thermal properties of glass are characterized by very low thermal conductivity, significant heat capacity and thermal expansion. The thermal stability of products increases with an increase in the mechanical strength of glass, thermal conductivity and with a decrease in thermal expansion and heat capacity. A measure of heat resistance is the temperature difference that a product can withstand without destruction. Heat resistance of quartz glass - 1000°С, ware from high-quality glass - 95°, ware from glass-ceramics - 300-600°С.

All methods that increase mechanical strength simultaneously improve heat resistance.

The optical properties of glass are varied. Glasses can be transparent (transmittance of 0.85 or more) and muted to varying degrees, colorless and colored, with a shiny and matte surface. Optical characteristics of glasses - refractive indices and average dispersion, reflection and transmission coefficients; color indicators largely determine the aesthetic merits of dishes. Especially important is the ability of glass to perceive colors that increase the emotional expressiveness of products.

The chemical resistance of glass determines the purpose and reliability of products. It is very high, especially in relation to water, organic and mineral acids (except hydrofluoric). Alkalis and alkali carbonates act more aggressively. Hydrofluoric acid dissolves glass and is therefore used for applying patterns to glass, matting and chemical polishing of products.

According to water resistance, glass is divided into five hydrolytic classes: the first class is glass that is not changed by water, the fifth is unsatisfactory.

According to GOST 4.75-82 “Sized glassware. Nomenclature of indicators" consumer properties and their indicators include the following:

§ indicators of purpose - the chemical composition and density of glass, the shape and main dimensions of products, their stability on a flat surface;

§ reliability indicators - impact strength, hardness, heat resistance, water resistance, fastening strength of parts, annealing quality indicators;

§ indicators of ergonomic properties - the content of harmful substances;

§ indicators of aesthetic properties - accuracy of reproduction of the author's sample, indicators of compositional integrity, information expressiveness, perfection of industrial production of products, as well as refractive indices, average dispersion, light transmission, cutting angle;

§ economic indicators - the mass of products (consumption of raw materials), cost.

Nomenclature of consumer properties of glass household goods

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According to the method of molding, hand-blown, free-blown, machine-blown, pressed, press-blown, multi-stage molding, molded, centrifugal ware are distinguished.

According to the method of heat treatment, dishes are distinguished not hardened, that is, annealed, and hardened by hardening.

The vast majority of high-quality glass products and all crystal products are produced annealed.

Hardening consists in heating the products to 700 ° C and subsequent rapid and uniform cooling by air blowing. In this case, high, evenly distributed residual stresses appear in the glass, which increase the impact strength by 5–8 times, and the heat resistance by 2–3 times. Harden some types of pressed tableware and heat-resistant borosilicate glass cookware by tempering.

Types of glassware. There are about thirty items of tableware; these are glasses, goblets, glasses, goblets, wine glasses, jugs, decanters, sugar bowls, oilers, vases for table setting (for fruit, jam, cookies, cream, sweets, salad bowls), bowls, etc.

Decorative items- These are glass sculpture, flower vases, toilet utensils, horn-shaped glasses, dishes, etc.

Each type of product is produced in several varieties (articles), differing in size and style.

By size, the dishes are divided into small, medium, large, extra large. The size of products is characterized by diameter, length or height, and the size of hollow products is characterized by capacity.

According to the style, the products are subdivided taking into account the shape of the body (ball, oval, cone, etc.), the presence of sticky (handle, leg, lid holder) and removable (cork, lid) parts, the nature of the edge (smooth, cut) and the bottom of the products. The dishes are produced with a bottom of normal thickness, thickened, as well as on a pallet (a ledge or ledge at the bottom of the product).

The leg of products can be of different heights, shapes (straight or figured) and processing (faceted and even). Blown vases for flowers, depending on the complexity of the form, are divided into three groups.

The style, along with the aesthetic features of glass mass and cutting, largely determines the artistic expressiveness of products. It is subject to change in accordance with the requirements of the style. At present, tableware of a festive and gift character is distinguished by a complex silhouette, careful processing and complex shape of details. Everyday utensils have simpler and more solid forms.

According to the method of decoration, smooth and decorated dishes are distinguished. Decorated dishes, depending on the nature, complexity and artistic merit of the cuts, are divided into group and non-group. Sections of group blown glassware made of sorted colorless glass are subdivided into groups 1-7, colored glass - into groups 3-8, from overlay glass - into groups 4-8. Cuts of crystal products are referred to the 4th-10th difficulty groups.

The group combines drawings of the same complexity, but with a different plot. They are designated by three-digit numbers, in which the hundreds digit indicates the group number. For example, fig. 979 - group 9.

Non-group products are characterized by originality of forms, complex, often combined drawings of high artistic value. They are individual for the products of each plant.

Many products with the “H” index and sold at contractual prices are classified as non-group products.

The cutting of pressed products is not divided into complexity groups.

Modern trends in the decor of glassware - expanding the range of colored glasses, a combination of colored and slightly muted glass in the overlay, contrasting combinations of diamond-cut elements in the pattern, matte engraving, a chandelier, the widespread use of decal and silk-screen printing patterns of various subjects, picturesque cuts with paints and gold, often in combination with matting. Harvest cuts and products are still popular.

By completeness, they distinguish piece products, sets (include products of the same type - a set of glasses, etc.), devices (contain products different types one purpose) - for water, jam, flask, toilet, etc. The products of the sets are characterized by the unity of the artistic and constructive solution.

Range utensils for table setting extremely diverse and grouped taking into account all the previously mentioned features. The main types of products: glasses, mugs, cups, goblets, wine glasses, glasses, goblets, decanters, jugs, milk jars, vases for table setting (for fruits, cookies, sweets, jam, cream, salad, bowls), butter dishes, sugar bowls, croutons and etc.

Decorative items include sculpture, flower vases, toilet utensils, horn-shaped glasses, etc.

Household utensils are produced manually or mechanically from colorless and semi-white glass. The assortment includes thermoses and other products for storing food - jars, jars for pickles and jams, kegs, bottles for storing liquids. Thermoses are divided according to their purpose into thermoses for liquids and food (with a wide mouth), according to the capacity of the flask, the design and material of the shell (metal, plastic, combined).

Kitchen utensils made of heat-resistant glass and ceramic glass are represented by pots of various capacities, baking dishes, braziers, frying pans. Sets of pans and the “Kid” set are produced from sitall. Heat-resistant glassware is tempered and not decorated. Sitall cookware white color with a smooth shiny surface is additionally decorated with decal drawings.

Consumer properties of glass products

Consumer properties of glass products determine the possibility of their intended use, convenience and reliability in operation, beauty and artistic expressiveness. They depend on the perfection of the author's sample, the properties of glass and the quality of workmanship.

The main consumer properties of glass household products are functional, ergonomic, aesthetic and reliability properties.

The functional properties of glass products provide the ability to perform two main functions: "accept" and store food and drinks in the same quantity and quality, and "give" them in whole or in part as needed. These properties depend on the nature of the glass, the shape, size and purpose of the products, the characteristics of food and drinks. All these factors determine the variability of the shape and size of products.

The ability to "accept" and store food and drinks is determined by the following group indicators: chemical resistance to food and drinks, resistance to weathering, resistance to thermal effects, resistance to mechanical stress. The ability to "give away" food and drinks: the functionality of a three-dimensional solution and versatility.

Ergonomic properties predetermine, first of all, the convenience (comfort) of use and hygiene of glass products. The comfort of household utensils is determined by the convenience of holding, transferring, performing storage, washing functions, as well as ease of transportation and storage. Hygienic properties are primarily due to the nature and properties of glass and are characterized by such group indicators as harmlessness and contamination.